After the Reformation

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After the Reformation

• Europeans and Protestantism

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Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

• Basically a French civil war.
• French Calvinists (Huguenots) persecuted by a
  Catholic king.
• Huguenots only 7 percent of population, but 40 to
  50 percent were nobility.
• Included the family next in line to ascend to the
  throne the Bourbons.
• Many small towns joined the revolt.
• Ended when Henry IV became king of France.
• Converted to Catholicism and issued Edict of
  Nantes in 1598.

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A Huguenot Wedding in Paris
St. Bartholomew Massacre, 1572
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Exodus of Huguenots from France.
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King Philip II of Spain

• Advocate of militant Catholicism not a fan of
  the Reformation.
• Spain controlled the Netherlands, parts of Italy,
  most of the New World.
• Philip felt himself to be a Catholic crusader.
• Wanted to save faith from Protestants.
• England began to challenge Spains military
  dominance.

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Religious Situation in England

• Henry VIII dies in 1547, succeeded by underage
  and sickly son, Edward VI, who dies 1553.
• Edward succeeded by Catholic Mary I (wife of
  Philip II, 1554-1556.
• Tried to return England to Catholicism.
• Burned more than 300 Protestants at the stake as
  heretics--Bloody Mary.

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Edward VI (left)
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Elizabeth I (right)
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Queen Elizabeth I

• Elizabeth became queen when half-sister Mary
  stepped down and dies in 1558.
• Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots tries to
  take throne. Elizabeth has her executed.
• Elizabeth practiced moderation repealed Catholic
  laws of her half-sister.
• Declared herself absolute head of church and
  state.
• England officially a Protestant nation.

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England and Spain

• Philip II courted Elizabeth for some time.
• Wanted marry her and unite England and Spain.
• Decided to invade England.
• Spanish Armada to lead the invasion.
• Defeated by English navy led by pirate Francis
  Drake.
• Decline of Spanish dominance in Europe and New
  World.

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Route of the Spanish Armada.
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Pirates (Privateers)
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Francis Drake
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So what?

• What did the actions of the royalty have to do
  with everyone else?
• Most Protestants burned at the stake were not
  exactly royalty.
• Witchcraft hysteria would effect peasantry.
• Many of the lower classes became associated with
  Puritanism.

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Witchcraft Hysteria

• Began in 1300s, ended in late 1700s.
• Tension from famines, wars, and plagues
  manifested in an obsession with witches.
• Transatlantic phenomenon
• Neighbors accused neighbors
• 100,000 people prosecuted across Europe.
• Usually poor or without property.
• 75 percent were women, most single and over 50
  years old.

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Telling of European Attitudes toward Women

• French judge Nicholas Remy in 1590s found it
  not unreasonable that this scum of humanity,
  i.e., witches, would be drawn chiefly from the
  feminine sex.
• Another judge The Devil uses them so, because
  he knows that women love carnal pleasures, and he
  means to bind them to his allegiance by such
  agreeable provocations.

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Demon Possession

• Rise in exorcisms.
• Ursuline nuns of Loudun, France.
• Whole convent possessed by demons in 1630s.
• Success of exorcists demonstrated the truths of
  Catholicism.
• How why was this important?

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English Civil War

• Elizabeth died in 1603 with no heir end of the
  Tudor dynasty.
• Succeeded by James Stuart, James I.
• Puritans, King James Bible.
• Alienated the House of Commons.
• Divine Right of Kings
• Succeeded by son Charles I.
• Attempted to return ritual to Church of Eng.

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King James I
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Civil War Begins

• New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell.
• Composed of Puritans who believed they were doing
  battle for God.
• Other religious minorities Presbyterians and
  Baptists (maybe Quakers too).
• Charles I executed in 1649.
• England declared a republic, later becomes a
  military dictatorship.

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Oliver Cromwell
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Restoration and Glorious Revolution

• Restoration of the monarchy in 1658 following
  Cromwells death.
• Charles II, followed by James II.
• William and Mary and Glorious Revolution.
• Bill of Rights of Subjects/Citizens.