LIGHTING IN CPTED

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LIGHTING IN CPTED
(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.)
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LIGHTING IN CPTED (CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN)

• CPTED (crime prevention through
  environmental design)
• DEFINATION
• Crime prevention through environmental design
  (CPTED) is the proper design and effective use of
  the built environment in order to lead to a
  reduction in the fear and incidence of crime and
  an improvement in the quality of life.
• CPTED involves the design of physical space so
  that it enhances the needs of bona fide users of
  the space. This emphasis on design and deviates
  from the traditional target hardening approach to
  crime prevention.
• Effectiveness of CPTED Owners, managers and
  community users have a joint responsibility by
  reporting to the police all suspicious activities
  and criminal occurrence without this the
  effectiveness is minimized.
• CPTED to be successful It must be understandable
  and practicable for the normal users of the space.

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• CPTED PRINCIPLES
• Territoriality is a concept that clearly
  delineates private space from semi -public and
  public spaces and creates a sense of ownership.
  Ownership thereby creates an environment where
  appearance of strangers and intruders stand out.
  
  
• Natural surveillance is a design concept
  directed primarily at keeping intruders under
  observation. Provision of natural surveillance
  helps to create environments where there is
  plenty of opportunity for people engaged in their
  normal behavior to observe the space around them.
• Access control is a design concept directed
  primarily at decreasing criminal accessibility.
  Provision of natural access control limits access
  and increases natural surveillance to restrict
  criminal intrusion.
• Activity support involves placing activity where
  the individuals engaged in an activity will
  become part of the natural surveillance system.
• Maintenance proper maintenance of landscaping,
  lighting treatment and other features can
  facilitate the principles of CPTED, territorial
  reinforcement, natural surveillance and natural
  access control.

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• HOW LIGHTING HELPS IN ACHIEVING CPTED
  CONCEPTS ?
• Awareness of the surrounding environment People
  should be able to see and understand the
  surrounding environment through unobstructed
  sightlines, adequate lighting and avoidance of
  hidden spaces.
• Visibility by others Create the ability to be
  seen by others and create a sense of ownership
  through maintenance and management of the built
  environment
• Finding help The ability to communicate , find
  help or escape when in danger through improved
  signs and designs.
• Sightlines The inability to see what is ahead
  is a serious impediment to the feeling of being
  safe.
• Lighting Sufficient lighting is necessary for
  people to see and to be seen . Lighting affects
  human behavior. Lighting must be planned and
  evaluated in terms of the use and behavior it
  promotes or deters.
• Security Lighting for security does not imply
  bright lighting . Effective security lighting
  will provide sufficient to deter potential
  criminals . Light trespass is often the result of
  ineffective security lighting .

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• LIGHTING AS A TOOL
• Crime prevention practitioners have always
  included lighting as a part of their toolbox.
• Lighting cannot prevent disasters or
  attacks not it can guarantee human safety ,
  rather lighting is a tool that when used wisely
  can increase security and safety.
• It allows better vision ,the law abiding can
  detect offenders from a distance to take
  defensive action.
• Increase in the street lighting generally have
  crime reduction consequences
• Street lighting improvements are associated with
  crime reductions in daytime as well as during the
  hours of darkness.
• Improved street lighting can be extremely
  cost-effective ( Farrington .D.P ,Painter .K ,
  2000 ).
• Good street lighting can have a positive effect
  on the perceived safety level in the area.
• It is a visible and obvious improvement to an
  area .Communities require proof that an area is
  improving and lighting is a noticeable
  investment.
• It can increase night time usage.
• It benefits the most vulnerable sections of the
  population whose fears are the highest.
• Lighting must be considered as one of the tools
  in creating safer communities and in isolation it
  is ineffective.

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• LIGHTING THE OTHER SIDE
• The general believe is that good lighting can
  attract customers , facilitate traffic and
  pedestrian safety , deter crime and vandalism and
  create a sense of personal security .But along
  with this it also attracts criminals .
• Thus lighting indirectly leads to the
  increase in crime .
• Outdoor lighting , commerce and crime are
  therefore hypothesized as interacting
  repetitively in a six way causal relationship.
• Darkness inhibits crime .
• Lighting if improperly installed can actually
  hurt visibility and create opportunities for
  crime.
• Although the presence of light tends to allay the
  fear of crime at night ,the balance of evidence
  from relatively short-term field studies is that
  increased lighting is ineffective for preventing
  or deterring actual crime and it is more
  encouraged than deterred by outdoor lighting.

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• CPTED STANDARDS FOR LIGHTING
• 1 Foot candle power minimum in open parking lots,
  more for parking structures. It means 1 ft candle
  evenly distributed per square inch of parking
  surface.
• Care should be taken that there should not be
  patches of darkness at the ground level.
• Use of high or low pressure sodium vapor lights.
• LPSVs have a yellow light that allows the human
  eye to pick up greater details in most weather
  conditions and they are slightly brighter than
  HPSVs , but the light can distort colors at
  night.

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• SECURITY LIGHTING RECOMMENDATIONS
• Illuminate entrances , fire escapes etc. with
  bright white lights .
• Parking lots should be illuminated with bright
  white lights that allows for uniformity , ( not
  allowing any dark access in the parking lot ).
• Implement a maintenance policy.
• Parking lots should be illuminate so that one can
  identify a human face _at_ 33 ft (3 foot candles
  vertically above the surface ).
• Wire cages or industrial strength shatter
  resistant lenses should be placed over the light
  to deter vandalism.
• Position lights to avoid glare area and blind
  spot.

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• QUESTIONS WHILE DESIGNING SECURITY LIGHTING
• How can lighting help you ?
• Whats your lighting goal ?
• How much lighting do you need ?
• What kind of lighting is there and is required ?
• What do I want to light up ?
• Are there times when darkness better ?
• Can lighting be put in the wrong place ?
• How can you mess up your lighting ?
• Avoiding vandalism problems
• Think like a criminal
• What are your lighting concerns ?

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LIGHTING QUIZ

• SHOP-1
  SHOP -2

• WOULD YOU KEEP YOUR LIGHTS ON AFTER
  BUSSINESS HOURS , IF THIS WAS YOUR STORE ?
• YES / NO

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• Joe runs a service station located on the side of
  a road used mainly by commuters.
• The business is closed from 9 pm to 5 am.
• There are no other businesses around his
  that are open at night, and the nearest houses
  are about 1000 feet away.
• Joe just installed a number of lights that
  point at the back door of the service station. He
  was very pleased with the lighting company
  because he can now read a newspaper at midnight
  by his back door.
• What will Joe likely read very soon in the
  crime report section of the newspaper?

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• SOLUTION
• Joe may want to keep a low level of lighting in
  the back of his building to help
• him see out back after dark.
• He should make sure that any lights pointing at
  the back door are not bright enough to let anyone
  see clearly the locks, hinges, or other
  vulnerable parts of the door .