Carbon Compounds

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Carbon Compounds

• Section 2-3

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Organic Molecules

• Molecules containing 2 or more atoms of carbon
• Carbon is very versatile
• Carbon covalently bonds with up to 4 other atoms
• Carbon can bond with carbon to
• form
• Chains
• Branches
• Rings

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Organic Molecules

• Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds
• Carbon forms important biological molecules

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Macromolecules giant molecules

• There are four classes of organic (carbon based)
  macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Macromolecules are polymers

• What is a polymer?
• Poly many mer part. A polymer is a large
  molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units
  (monomers) bonded together.
• What is a monomer?
• A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer
• Three of the organic macromolecules are polymers

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1. Carbohydrates

• Carbo carbon, hydrate water carbohydrates
  have the molecular formula (CH2O)n
• 121 ratio
• Common types
• Sugar
• Starch

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Carbohydrates

• Functions
• Store chemical energy for cellular use
• Structural support in cells
• E.g. cellulose cell wall in plants

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Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharide monomer of 3-7 carbons
• E.g. glucose, galactose, fructose

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Disaccharides

• Disaccharide - two monos linked

• Lactose glucose galactose

Sucrose glucose fructose
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Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides Many monos linked
• E.g. starch

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2. Lipids

• Generally hydrocarbons (made of hydrogen and
  carbon)
• Not a polymer
• Not water soluble

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Lipids

• Examples
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
• Steroids

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Lipids

• Functions
• Energy storage long term
• Membrane structure
• Waterproofing
• Insulation
• Shock absorbing
• Chemical messengers (hormone action)

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Lipids

• Are made of two parts
• 1 Glycerol 3 fatty acids

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Fatty Acids Saturated or Unsaturated

• 1. Saturated fats saturated with hydrogen
• have only single C-C bonds
• solid at room temp
• most animal fats
• 2. Unsaturated fats
• liquid at room temp
• double bonds between carbonsallows for kinks
  in the tails
• most plant fats
• 3. Polyunsaturated many double bonds

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Which type of fatty acid is this?
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Which type of fatty acid is this?
Saturated fatty acid
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Good Job!!
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
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3. Nucleic Acid

• Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen and phosphorus (CHONP)
• Polymers of nucleotides

Nucleotide
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Nucleotide

• Composed of
• a. 5-Carbon sugar
• b. Phosphate group
• c. Nitrogen base

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Nucleic Acids

• Two kinds
• DNA
• Double stranded
• Sugar deoxyribose
• Contains genes which code for proteins
• Contains hereditary information
• RNA
• Single stranded
• Sugar ribose
• Functions in synthesis of proteins coded for by
  DNA

RNA
DNA
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4. Protein

• Polymer of amino acids
• Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
  nitrogen (CHON)
• Amino acids held together with peptide bonds
• Proteins called polypeptides

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Structure of Amino Acid Monomers

• Carbon covalently bonded to
• Hydrogen
• Amino group (NH3)
• Carboxyl group (COOH)
• Variable R group specific to each amino acid

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Types of Amino Acids

• 20 common amino acids (determined by the R
  group)

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Peptide Bonding

• A peptide bond holds one amino acid to the next

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Protein functions

• Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions
• Structural - Example
• keratin (the protein found in hair and nails)
• collagen (the protein found in connective tissue)

• Cell identity

• Membrane transport

• Cell movement

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Shape important to Protein Function

• Changing shape changes function
• 4 levels of shape
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

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