Biological Macromolecules

1
Biological Macromolecules
2
While reading a research article you note a
phrase that states, Individuals who exercise
more will lose weight easier. This statement is
an example of an

• data collection
• theory
• hypothesis
• prediction

3
Big Four

• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides, Disaccharides Polysaccharides
• Lipids (Fats)
• Glycerides Sterols
• Proteins
• Enzymes, structures, membrane proteins
• Nucleic acids
• DNA, RNA

4
Monomers -gt Polymers

• Monomer simple molecule
• Polymer strings of similar, simple molecules
• Recall
• Dehydration synthesis
• Hydrolysis

5
Unity

• ALL polymers made from few monomers
• All proteins from 20 Amino Acids
• Most polysaccharides from 3 monosaccharides
• ALL organisms build the same polymers
• We build and store the same glycogen molecules in
  our muscles as do sharks
• Redwoods sword ferns make same cellulose

6
Carbohydrates (sugar, starch fiber)

• Monomers Monosaccharides
• Polymers Di- Polysaccharides
• CH2O
• Hydroxyl carbonyl groups
• Arrangement of atoms alters taste

7
Common food sugars
8
Carbohydrates

• Sugars
• Mono and di-saccharides
• Starches
• Polysaccharides
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

9
Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• Energy storage Starch (plants) Glycogen
  (animals)
• Structure Cellulose (Plants)

10
Lipids

• Glycerides
• Sterols
• Phospholipids
• Hydrophobic

11
Triglycerides

• Glycerol - an alcohol
• Fatty acids - carboxyl group with hydrocarbon
  chain
• Energy storage (9 kcal/gram), insulation, padding

12
Saturated Unsaturated
13
Phospholipid

• Both hydrophobic hydrophilic
• Structural molecules (ALL cell membranes are made
  of these)

14
Steroids

• Hydrophobic
• Signaling
• hormones
• Structural
• Stiffen cell membranes

15
Proteins

• Constructed of Amino Acids monomers
• AA carboxyl group, R (functional) group, amino
  group
• (3 - 100K) linked by peptide bonds
• Most abundant molecules of human body ( 2
  million 20 of body weight)

16
Protein Function

• Support - Structural proteins in cell membranes
• Movement - Contractile proteins move muscles and
  cells
• Transport - Transport proteins bind insoluble
  compounds and molecules to allow transport in
  bloodstream
• Buffering - Buffer against detrimental pH changes
• Metabolic regulation - Enzymes accelerate
  chemical reactions
• Coordination Control - Hormones
• Defense - Antibodies, clotting proteins
  (globulin), keratin

17
Making a protein

• Join amino group to carbon group
• Peptide bond