The Origins of the Scientific Revolution

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The Origins of the Scientific Revolution
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Objectives

• List the circumstances that led to the Scientific
  Revolution
• Summarize the development of the heliocentric
  theory and why it led to conflict
• Discuss the impact of the Scientific Revolution
  and the effects it had on other fields

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The Medieval View of the Universe

• During the Middle Ages, all scholars believed the
  Bible or Aristotles views
• What did they believe?
• 1. The earth was at the center of the universe
• 2. The sun was moving around the earth
• 3. God had placed Earth at the center it was
  special
• The earth-centered view is called the geocentric
  theory supported by Aristotle and Ptolemy

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The Beginning of the Sci Rev

• Causes
• Muslim books had been translated provided info
  on math, physics, astronomy
• The discovering of classical manuscripts during
  the Ren.
• Exploration showed there were new truths ideas
  to be discovered
• The printing press help spread new ideas

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What are these new ideas?

• The first field scholars questioned was astronomy
• Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer
• He studied the planetary movements for 25 years,
  1473-1543
• Came up with heliocentric theory or sun-centered
  theory could not prove how
• Scared to release his findings the church would
  accuse him of being a heretic

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• Copernicus began the chain of events
• Tycho Brahe based much of his findings on
  Copernicus discoveries, he collected
  mathematical data
• Johannes Kepler, Brahes assistant, carried on
  his work 1601
• Kepler proved mathematically that Copernicus
  theories were true (planets revolve around the
  sun)
• Laws of planetary motion

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Kepler
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Kepler
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Galileo Galilei

• Galileo was the next scholar to discover and
  observe movement around him with a telescope
• Galileo discovered
• Law of Falling Bodies
• Law of Constant Motion
• Law of Pendulum

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Galileo
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The Church

• The church did not want to believe these new
  findings were true
• It would go against church teachings
• Example Where is heaven in the universe?
• After Galileos book, the Church summoned him to
  Rome
• Forced him to sign a confession saying his
  studies and Copernicus were wrong, 1633

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Vocabulary

• Galileo
• Kepler
• Copernicus

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Scientific Revolution Continued
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Isaac Newton, 1643-1727

• Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo had broken the old
  view of the universe
• Newton will bring their discoveries under one law
  of motion
• Law of Gravity
• This law ruled the planets, pendulum and all
  matter on earth and in space
• 1687, Newton published Mathematical Principles of
  Natural Philosophy

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• Newton was a very religious man
• He believed that God created the earth
• However, Newton believed God was the clock maker
  and the universe was the clock
• God wound the clock and let it run, he might
  interfere periodically, but the clock runs its
  own course

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Newton
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Scientific Method

• These new discoveries in science led to a
  procedure called the scientific method
• It is a logical procedure for testing and
  gathering ideas

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Scientific Method

• 1. Observation leads to a question or problem
• 2. Then they assume the outcome, the hypothesis
• 3. The hypothesis is tested in an experiment
• 4. Scientists interpret their findings to reach a
  new conclusion.

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Francis Bacon 1561-1626

• Bacon attacked Medieval scholars and their
  beliefs
• Bacon believed in experimentation
• He urged others to do the same
• He believed that one should observe the world and
  gather information before coming to a set
  decision.
• This is a complete break with the old world view

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Francis Bacon
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Rene Descartes 1596-1650

• Descartes was a mathematician, relied more on
  numbers then experiments
• Like Bacon, Descartes felt that all old world
  views should be discarded
• The only thing he knew for sure was that he
  existed I think, therefore I am
• From this he began to reason to find other basic
  truths

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Descartes
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Scientific Revolution Spreads

• As the secrets of the universe were being
  revealed, other scientists experimented and
  tested in other scientific fields
• 1. The microscope invented by Janssen in 1590
• 2. Gabriel Fahrenheit
• 3. Anders Celsius

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• Doctors began to dissect, discovery of the
  circulatory system w/in the body, 1628
• The first European vaccination, 1700s, to help
  prevent small pox
• Chemistry groundbreaking discoveries took place
  in the 1600s
• Boyle matter was made of small particles
• (Aristotle believed only earth, water, air and
  fire were the elements of the world)

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Future influences
Homeland
Contributions
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Assignment

• Choose 1 person and try to imagine what the world
  would be like if they were never born.
• Write 1 paragraph describing how things might be
  different if that person was never born