Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology

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Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy--to cut up
• deals with structure
• Physiology--study of processes
• deals with function

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Structure and Function

• Structure determines function
• Structural change functional change
• Function affects structure

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Early Notables

• Hippocrates (460-337 B.C.)
• Father of Medicine
• Attributed disease to natural causes (rather than
  gods)
• Also wrong about alot
• Humoral theory
• Blood courageous and passionate
• Bile angry and mean
• Black Bile moody and depressed
• Phlegm Sluggish and apathetic
• Described tendons as nerves, brain a mucus
  secreting organ.

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Early Notables

• Aristotle (384-332 B.C.)
• First account of embryology (chick)
• Believed the heart was seat of intelligence

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Early Notables

• Herophilus (335-280 B.C.)
• Greek Physician
• The first to dissect human cadavers
• Worked with nervous system.
• Recognized the brain as center of consciousness
• Differentiated between sensory and motor nerves
• Founded great medical school at Alexandria with
  Erasistratus
• Started dissecting living criminals (oops.)

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Early Notables

• Erasistratus (304-250 B.C.)
• Father of Physiology
• Opposed humoral theory
• Distinguished cerebrum from cerebellum
• Determined the toxic effect of snake venom
• Liver changes from metabolic diseases

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Later Notables

• Claudius Galen (A.D. 130--201)
• The ultimate authority for 1500 yrs.
• Dissected many animals (apes), but no human
  cadavers
• Showed a squealing pig stopped when nerve to
  vocal cords was cut.
• Proved arteries contained blood (not air)
• Possibly the first physician to take a patients
  pulse

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Later Notables

• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
• Belgian physician
• Father of Modern Anatomy
• Wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica
• 29 years old)
• Pointed out short-comings of many who came before
  (Galen, Hippocrates etc).

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Later Notables

• William Harvey (1578-1657)
• Father of Modern Physiology
• Discovered circulatory system
• Wasnt able to see capillaries, but proposed a
  continuous circulation.
• I profess to learn and teach anatomy not from
  books, but from dissections, not from the tenets
  of philosophers, but from the fabric of nature.
• Dissected his own father and sister.

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Later Notables

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
• Inventor of modern microscope
• Achived 270X magnification.
• Looked at human tissues
• Blood cells
• Sperm
• Skeletal muscle

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Anatomys Sordid Past

• King Ptolemy Ancient Egypt
• Okd cadaver dissection by physicians
  (criminals).
• Dont forget Hirophilus (vivisection)
• Europe (1500s 1800s)
• Increase in medical schools, no increase in
  cadavers (criminals).
• Body Snatching became commonplace, though not
  discussed.

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Topics of Anatomy

• Gross (Regional, Systemic, Surface)
• Microscopic (Cytology, Histology)
• Developmental (Embryology)
• Pathologic
• Radiographic

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Organization Levels
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Organ Systems

• Body Covering (Integumentary)
• Support Movement (Skeletal Muscular)
• Integration Coordination (Nervous Endocrine)
• Transport (Cardiovascular Lymphatic)
• Absorption Excretion ( Digestive, Respiratory,
  Urinary)
• Reproduction (Male Female)

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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis

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Body Planes and Sections
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Body Planes and Sections
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Body Planes and Sections
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Body Planes and Sections
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Directional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Body Cavities and Membranes
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Body Cavities and Membranes
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Body Cavities and Membranes
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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