The Religious Wars

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The Religious Wars
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Philip II The Catholic Protector

• The center of the religious conflicts of the late
  sixteenth century
• Ruler of Spain, Low Countries, parts of Italy,
  and the New World
• Crusading mentality
• El Escorial Philips palace outside Madrid
• The King of Paper

(r. 1556-1598)
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The French Wars of Religion

• the religious roots

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Protestant Faiths
Francis I

Protestant Faiths (Calvinism)
Marguerite of Navarre
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The French Wars of Religion
the religious roots become political

• Calvinism fertile ground among French
  aristocracy
• By 1560 40 of French nobles advocated the
  Huguenot faith
• Posed a threat to the Catholic Valois monarchy

The Huguenot Cross
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Henry of Navarre
Henry Guise
The Catholic Valois Family
Led faction of Protestant nobles who wanted free
worship
Backed by the Jesuits, the papacy, and Philip II
vs.
vs.
A politique
Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)
The Guise Family
Ultra-Catholics
House of Bourbon
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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The War of Three Henries
vs.

Henry III (Valois)
Henry Guise
Henry Bourbon
1588 took the city of Paris
Formed an alliance against the ultra-Catholics
Becomes Henry IV ruler of France issues the
Edict of Nantes
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(No Transcript)
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A Revolt in Burgundy

• Philips policies eventually sparked a revolt,
  which had at its base religious, political, and
  economic causes
• (1) Philip attempted to increase taxes
• (2) Philip determined to stamp out heresy

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Iconoclast Revolt

• Burgundians attacked symbols of Catholicism,
  smashing statutes and church decorations
• Reaction?

Council of Blood
Duke of Alba
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William the Silent(1533-1584)

• From the House of Orange
• Reluctant to discuss strategies with others
• Emerged as the leader of the revolt for the
  Protestants
• Aided by the sea beggars
• Mastermind behind the Pacification of Ghent

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Pacification of Ghent Fails
Union of Arras
Union of Utrecht
1581 the 7 northern provinces (Dutch-speaking
Flemish) united with the intent of separating
from Spain
1578 the 10 southern provinces (French-speaking
Walloons) backed out of the revolt pledging
their allegiance to Spain
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sea dogs, Sir Francis Drake, the Protestant
Wind
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Spains Power Declines
Signs the Twelve Years truce (1609) with the
Union of Utrecht
The Union of Arras remains loyal and becomes the
Spanish Netherlands
Philip III
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Spains Power Declines

• What were the reasons for Spains loss of power?
• (1) overextended themselves politically and
  militarily
• (2) persecution of talented minorities
• (3) internal revolts population decline
• Spains siglo de oro (Golden Age) was over by the
  time the Thirty Years War came

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The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
German Protestants
German Catholics
Germany civil war over religion
Alliance w/ outside powers
Alliance w/ outside powers
Catholic League
Protestant Union
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The Tinder to the Conflict?

• Peace of Augsburg (1555) Germany divided
  Catholic and Lutheran
• Ruler of the Palatinate Frederick V converted
  to Calvinism religious balance upset
• What complicated matters was the elective nature
  of the Holy Roman Emperor

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The Tinder to the Conflict?

• Golden Bull of 1356
• Ferdinand promises the Bohemian nobles religious
  liberties
• He was elected in 1618 he betrayed his promise

H.R.E. - Ferdinand II
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The Spark to the Conflict?
Defenestration of Prague
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Peace of Westphalia (1648)

• This treaty
• (1) Formally recognized independence of
  Switzerland and Dutch Republic
• (2) Reflected a shift in the balance of power
• (3) recognized internal sovereignty of each
  nation over its religious affairs

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Other Results of the Thirty Years War

• Germany left in ruins
• Central Europe vacuum of power
• Two German powers Prussia and Austria battle
  for control
• Europe underwent a military revolution
• (1) gunpowder
• (2) mounted foot-soldier (pikemen and
  musketeers)
• (3) massed volleys
• (4) tactics more flexible (lighter, more
  mobile cavalry)
• (5) governments grew larger and more centralized