Growth of Monarch and Holy Roman Empire vs' Church

1
Growth of Monarch and Holy Roman Empire vs.
Church

• Chapter 9.1-2

2
Who shall lead?

• Feudal Monarchs

• Nobles and the Church

• Head of society
• Limited power
• Wanted greater control

• Levied taxes
• Maintained own armies
• Maintained own court system

3
Centralized Power

• Monarch set up
• Bureaucracy
• Court
• Standing Army
• Tax System
• Ties to middle class
• Supported rulers for peace and unity they provided

4
English Monarch

• Invasion by Angles, Saxons, Vikings
• 1066 Anglo-Saxon king Edward died with no heir
• Council chose brother-in-law Harold
• Duke William of Normandy also claimed throne
• Raised army, won backing of pope
• Battle of Hastings Normans defeated Harold
• William the Conqueror took the throne
• Blend of Norman French and Anglo-Saxons

5
Royal Power

• Firm control
• Granted fiefs to Church, Norman lords (barons)
• Monitored building of castles
• First allegiance to him
• Census in 1086
• Domesday Book
• Listed every property in England (both large and
  small)
• No one could escape
• Aided in tax collecting
• Royal exchequer
• Treasury
• Collected taxes, fines, fees

6
Legal System

• Henry II 1154
• Expanded existing customs into law
• Foundation of English common law
• Legal system based on custom and court rulings
• Applied to all of England
• Court charged a fee
• Preferred royal court over Churchs court
• Jury
• Group of men sworn to speak the truth
• Determined if cases would be brought to trial
• 12 neighbors of an accused

7
Conflict with Church

• Henry vs. Church
• Right to try clergy in royal courts
• Archbishop of Canterbury opposed king
• 4 knights murdered him
• Henry denied any part
• Eased attempts to regulate clergy
• Archbishop declared a saint

8
Traditions of Government

• Royal authority vs. Traditional feudal rights
• John
• Henrys son
• Clever, greedy, cruel, untrustworthy
• 3 enemies
• Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III and
  English nobles
• 1205 lost English-held lands in France to
  Phillip
• Rejected Pope Innocent IIIs nominee, so he was
  excommunicated
• English were placed under interdict
• To save crown, John accepted England as fief of
  Pope
• Paid yearly fee to Rome

9
Magna Carta

• John angered nobles with taxes and abuse of power
• 1215 forced him to sign Magna Carta
• Great Charter
• Affirmed feudal rights
• Protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
• due process
• No new taxes
• no taxation without representation
• 2 things
• Nobles had certain rights
• Monarch must obey law

10
Parliament

• Great Council
• Evolved into Parliament
• Unified England
• Framework for English legislature
• 2-house body
• House of Lords nobles, high clergy
• House of Commons knights and middle class
  citizens
• power of the purse
• Checked or limited power of monarch

11
French Monarchs

• Patchwork territories
• Capetians
• Feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet
• Increased royal power
• Made throne hereditary
• 300 year succession
• Built bureaucracy
• Tax and law
• Philip Augustus
• Phillip II
• Paid middle-class workers to fill govt positions
  instead of nobles
• Loyalty to king
• New towns, standing army
• Won war with John of England, took back
  English-ruled lands
• Most powerful ruler in Europe

• Louis IX
• 1226
• Generous, noble, devoted to justice and chivalry
• Declared a saint
• Religious
• Persecuted heretics and Jews
• Led French in 2 wars against Muslims
• Improved royal govt
• Ended serfdom
• Centralized monarch in France

12
Philip IV vs. Pope

• Louiss grandson
• Extended royal power
• Collected new taxes from clergy
• Clash with Pope Boniface VIII
• Pope forbade Philip to tax clergy
• Philip threatened to arrest any clergy that
  didnt pay up
• Philip sent troops to seize Pope
• Pope escaped badly beaten, died later

13
Estates General

• Body of representatives
• Clergy
• Nobles
• Townspeople
• Didnt develop like English Parliament

14
Holy Roman Empire

• Duke Otto I
• King of Germany
• Took title Holy Roman Emperor
• Saw themselves heirs to emperors of Ancient Rome
• Worked to control vassals
• Emperors conflicted with Popes

15
Popes vs. Emperors

• Pope Gregory VII
• Wanted Church independent of secular rulers
• Banned lay investiture
• Emperor presented bishops with ring and staff
  that symbolized their office
• Only pope had right to install bishops

• Emperor Henry IV
• Argued that bishops held lands as royal fiefs
• Felt entitled to give symbol of office
• Exchanged insulting notes with pope
• Gregory excommunicated him
• Forced to make peace
• Presented himself as a repentant sinner
• Gregory knew he was just trying to save throne,
  but forgave him
• Returned later for revenge, led army to Rome, and
  forced pope into exile

16
Concordat of Worms

• Struggle for 50 years
• 1122 both sides accepted treaty
• Agreed that Church had sole power to elect and
  invest bishops
• Emperors had right to invest them with fiefs

17
Frederick Barbarossa

• Emperor Frederick I
• Red Beard
• Fought to bring N. Italy under his control
• Italians joined forces with pope, defeated Red
  Beard
• Arranged marriage between son Henry and
  Constance- heiress to Sicily and S. Italy

18
Frederick II

• Son of Henry and Constance
• Raised in Italy
• Able and arrogant
• Spent little time in Germany
• Clashed with popes in Italy
• Failed to gain cities in N. Italy

19
Effects

• German nobles more independent
• Germany fragmented into many feudal states
• Would not achieve unity for 600 years
• Italy also faced upheaval
• 200 years of chaos
• Thriving cultural center left in ruins

20
Church Power

• Pope Innocent III
• 1198
• Triumph of Church
• Supremacy over all other rulers
• Pope clashed with rulers and often won
• Innocent ordered interdict on France when Phillip
  II tried to annul his marriage
• 1209 Innocent launched crusade (holy war)
  against Albigensians in S. France
• Albigensians wanted to purify Church
• 10,000 slaughtered
• Papacy entered period of decline