71 Glycolysis and Fermentation

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7-1 Glycolysis and Fermentation
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Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Does not require oxygen
• Has an energy investment phase and an energy
  payoff phase

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• Step 1. 2 ATP are used to add phosphates to
  glucose
• Step 2. The six-carbon compound is split into two
  PGAL
• Step 3. Phosphates are added to PGALs. 2 NAD are
  converted to 2 NADH.
• Step 4. 4 ATP are produced from ADP and
  phosphates. Two molecules of pyruvic acid are
  produced.

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• After Glycolysis
• If oxygen is present, pyruvic acid enters the
  Krebs Cycle in the mitochondria
• If oxygen is absent, fermentation occurs in the
  cytoplasm.

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Fermentation

• An enzyme converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
• NAD is regenerated allowing glycolysis to
  continue
• Side effects are muscle fatigue and pain
• Lactic acid is taken to the liver and converted
  back to pyruvic acid

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Energy Yield

• Anaerobic respiration without oxygen
• Glycolysis Fermentation
• Efficiency is 3.5