States of consciousness

1
States of consciousness Prof. dr. Anton M.L.
Coenen NICI Department of Biological
Psychology Radboud University Nijmegen The
Netherlands a.coenen_at_nici.ru.nl
2
States of consciousness

• Lecture 3. Enigmatic states of consciousness REM
  sleep and dreaming

3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Baby
Adult
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman
(1921-1998) (1895-1999)
14
From left to right, Michel Jouvet, William
Dement, Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky,
after their symposium on the discovery of REM
sleep on June 1, 1995. The symposium commemorated
the 100th birthday of Nathaniel Kleitman in April
of 1995.
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
After Glenn and Steriade, 1982
18
After Hirsch et al, 1983
19
(No Transcript)
20
(after Morrison, 1983)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
Kekulés dream
29
One famous dream of the Frenchman Alfred Maury
seems to show that dreams are almost
instantaneous. He saw himself, a victim of the
Franch Revolution, being tried and sent to the
guillotine. He felt the knife fall and then
awoke to find the bedrail had fallen on his neck.
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
Sigmund Freud is shown here with his daughter
Anna, who herself became an influential
psychoanalytic theorist.
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
After Fischer et al, 1965.
37
Diagram of the spinal control of penile erections
(After Hirshkowitz and Schmidt, 2005)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41

• Brain areas, lateral part of frontal cortex and
  medial part of parietal cortex,
• that are less active during REM-sleep than during
  wakefulness (in red).

42
The cerebral Blood flow in the medial prefrontal
is similar during wakefulness and REM sleep and
is decreased during SWS (after Maquet et al, 2005)
43
    COGNITIVE THEORY ON DREAMING AND
REM-SLEEP   INFORMATION PROCESSING SELECTION OF
RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR CONSOLIDATION IN LONG
TERM MEMORY
44
After Jenkins and Dallenbach, 1924
45
THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF SLEEP ON MEMORY

• THE INTERFERENCE HYPOTHESIS
• THE REM-SLEEP HYPOTHESIS
• THE SEQUENTIAL HYPOTHESIS
• THE SLOW-WAVE SLEEP HYPOTHESIS

46
Cortical activation (W and REMS) and slow wave
promoting (SWS) systems. The excitatory pathway
of the arousal system emerges from the brainstem
RF to ascend along a dorsal trajectory into the
thalamus upon the non-specific thalamo-cortical
projection system and a ventral trajectory
through lateral hypothalamus up to the basal
forebrain, with widespread projections to the
cerebral cortex. Neurons containing GABA, also
located in the basal forebrain, give rise to
inhibitory cortical projections. They discharge
maximally with slow waves and minimally with fast
waves. (after Jones, 2002)
47
(No Transcript)
48

• REM-sleep is an active state of the brain,
  periodically occurring during slow wave sleep
• During REM-sleep specific parts of the brain are
  activated, such as the limbic system, and the
  visual and motor cortical areas. The pons is the
  generator of REM-sleep. The prefrontal lobe is
  de-activated.
• REM-sleep is highly associated with dreaming,
  but, it is not clear whether REM-sleep serves an
  own (unknown) function (activation-synthesis
  hypothesis, cognitive theories) or that it serves
  to generate dreams with its own function
  (psychoanalytic theories).
• REM-sleep, in association with dreaming, must be
  regarded as a third, natural occurring state of
  consciousness.