Janusz Cofala, Zbigniew Klimont

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Janusz Cofala, Zbigniew Klimont
Activities, sectors and control technologies in
GAINS
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Criteria for aggregation of emission sources

• RAINS applies six criteria
• Importance of source (gt0.5 percent in a country)
• Possibility for using uniform activity rates and
  emission factors
• Possibility of establishing plausible forecasts
  of future activity levels
• Availability and applicability of similar
  control technologies
• Availability of relevant data

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Macroeconomic parameters (1)
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Macroeconomic parameters (2)
All values in constant 2005 !!!
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Aggregation of energy- related sources

• Primary sectors
• Power plants
• Other energy production and conversion
• Industry
• Domestic
• Transport
• Non-energy use
• Further divided into secondary sectors

• Fuel categories
• Coal
• Oil
• Gas
• Biomass
• Renewables
• Nuclear
• Electricity
• Heat
• Different types and grades included

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Aggregation of transport sources

• Road transport
• Cars, light-duty trucks
• Heavy-duty trucks, buses
• Motorcycles and mopeds (2-stroke, 4-stroke)
• Non-road mobile sources
• Rail, Air, Inland waterways
• National sea traffic and national fishing
• Mobile machines construction and industry,
  agriculture
• Other (households, gardening, forestry, military)
• For each source vehicle numbers and fuel
  consumption assessed. For road transport also
  vehicle-kilometers

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Aggregation of process sources

• Production of raw materials
• Steel
• Aluminum
• Other metals
• Cement
• Glass
• Oil refining
• Fertilizers

• Storage and handling of bulk products
• Coal
• Agricultural products
• Metal ores
• Fertilizers
• Other
• Construction activities
• Waste treatment and disposal

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Specific VOC processes/sources

• Solvent use
• Dry cleaning and degreasing
• Decorative paints
• Industrial paint application
• Vehicle manufacturing and repair
• Printing
• Manufacture of paints, inks and glue
• Preservation of wood
• Chemical industry
• Tyre production
• Pharmaceutical industry
• Domestic use of solvents

• Oil production and use
• Off- and on- shore exploration
• Refineries
• Storage of crude and products
• Distribution of products (e.g., gasoline
  stations)
• Mobile
• Evaporative emissions from gasoline engines
• Two-stroke vehicles

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Emission categories agriculture and other NH3
sources

• Dairy cows (liquid and solid waste systems)
• Other cattle (liquid and solid waste systems)
• Pigs (liquid and solid waste systems)
• Laying hens
• Other poultry
• Sheep and goats
• Fur animals
• Horses

• Buffalos
• Camels
• Fertilizer use (Urea, Other N-fertilizers)
• Fertilizer production
• Waste treatment and disposal
• Residential combustion
• Industrial combustion
• Transport
• Other

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Main emission control options for SO2 180
options considered in RAINS

• Use of low sulfur coal 0.6 S
• Use of low sulfur heavy fuel oil 0.6 S
• Use of low sulfur diesel (3 stages)
  0.2 - 0.001 S
• Use of low sulfur gasoline 0.001 S
• In- furnace control 60
• Flue gas desulfurization 85 - 95
• Advanced flue gas desulfurization 98
• Process emissions controls (3 stages) 50 80

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Main emission control options for NOx 400
options considered in RAINS

• For stationary sources
• Combustion modifications 20 - 65
• SNCR 70
• SCR 80
• For mobile sources
• Road Euro stages 30 - 98
• Non-road Euro equivalents 30 90
• Seagoing ships
• Combustion modification 50
• SCR 85

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Main emission control options for PM 850
options considered in RAINS

• For stationary sources
• Cyclones, ESPs, fabric filters, wet scrubbers,
• Improved and new boilers and stoves in the
  residential and commercial sectors
• Good practices
• For mobile sources
• Same as for NOx

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Major abatement measures for NH3 110 options
considered in RAINS

• Low nitrogen feed (dietary changes)
• Biofiltration (air purification)
• Housing adaptation low emission housing
• Covered outdoor storage of manure
• Low ammonia application techniquesefficient
  application of manure
• Incineration of poultry manure
• Urea substitution

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Major abatement measures for VOC 500 options
considered in RAINS

• Basic emission management techniquesgood
  housekeeping, regular maintenance programs,
  process modification
• Solvent substitution
• End-of-pipe techniques thermal and catalytic
  incineration, carbon adsorption, etc.
• Combination of these measures