Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality

1
Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air
Quality

• Diane Turchetta
• U.S. DOT - FHWA

AMPO Annual Meeting Denver, CO October 11-14,
2005
2
Freight Growth

• Growth Rate (ton-miles) estimated at 3.5 per
  year
• Faster than passenger travel
• Growing source of air pollution
• No regional studies of emissions impacts

Freight Flows by Truck 2020 (daily freight
volumes)
3
Freight Contribution to Total Emissions
(National Level)
NOx Emissions, 2002
PM-10 Emissions, 2002
As percent of
As percent of
All Mobile
All
All Mobile
All
Sources
Sources
Sources
Mode
Tons
Percent
Tons
Percent
Sources
Heavy-Duty Vehicles
3,782,000
66.8
17.9
120,000
64.7
23.3
0.5
33.0
Freight Railroads
857,200
15.1
4.1
21,300
11.5
4.1
0.1
7.5
8.8
Marine Vessels
1,011,000
17.9
4.8
44,000
23.7
8.5
0.2
Air Freight
8,200
0.1
0.0
300
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
49.4
Total
5,658,400
100
26.8
185,600
100
36.0
0.8
4
Estimated Effects of New Standards
Change in Average NOx Emissions Rates Compared to
2002
5
Future Freight NOx Emissions at the National Level
Freight Total
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Freight Rail
Commercial Marine
Air Freight
Year
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
2002
3,782,000
857,200
1,011,000
8,200
5,658,400
2010
2,186,900
-42
563,200
-34
987,200
-2
10,000
22
3,747,300
-34
2020
662,600
-82
486,400
-43
938,600
-7
12,400
51
2,100,000
-63
2002
2010
2020
6
Future Freight PM-10 Emissions at the National
Level
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Freight Rail
Commercial Marine
Air Freight
Freight Total
Year
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
tons
chnge
2002
120,000
21,300
44,000
300
185,600
2010
65,380
-46
15,730
-26
42,930
-2
290
-3
124,300
-33
2020
34,760
-71
12,990
-39
44,080
0
270
-10
92,100
-50
2002
2010
2020
7
FHWA Freight-AQ Research

• To help fill the void in understanding of AQ
  impacts of freight
• 6 metropolitan areas selected for study
• LA Dallas Houston
• Chicago Baltimore Detroit
• Profiles developed by mode
• Identification of key issues and problems
• Preliminary look at mitigation

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We need to improve our understanding of freight
emissions

• Air quality is a regional issue
• Most previous studies of freight transportation
  emissions have looked only at the national level
• Little research comparing freight emissions
  across regions and modes
• Emission inventories done for SIP purposes are
  not sufficient
• No distinction between freight and non-freight
  activity (e.g., passenger rail vs. freight rail)
• No distinction of non-road equipment used for
  freight at ports and airports
• May not estimate emissions by operational mode
  (idling, etc.)

9
Freight Emissions at theNational and Regional
Level

• Freight is a major source of emissions
• National 50 (NOx) 36 (PM-10)
• Study regions 40-52 (NOx)
• Study regions 22-47 (PM-10)
• Trucking is the major source of NOx
• National 67 Study Areas 77-97
• Trucking is the major source of PM-10
• National 65 Study Areas 54-96

As a of all mobile source emissions
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Freight NOx Emissions at the Regional Level
Freight
Marine
Air
Freight
Freight as a percent
Trucking
Rail
Freight
Freight
Total
of all emissions
Baltimore
83
0.1
100
N/A
8
9
19
Chicago
79
2
0.4
100
34
7
0.3
Dallas-Ft. Worth
93
0
100
35
97
Detroit
2
0
0.0
100
31
Houston
77
6
17
0.1
100
29
Los Angeles
78
8
14
0.5
100
39
11
Freight PM-10 Emissions at the Regional Level
Freight
Marine
Air
Freight
Freight as a percent
Trucking
Rail
Freight
Freight
Total
of all emissions
Baltimore
74
7
19
0.1
100
N/A
22
Chicago
73
5
0.3
100
6
0.4
Dallas-Ft. Worth
88
11
0
100
1
Detroit
2
1
0.1
100
2
96
Houston
54
6
40
0.1
100
2
Los Angeles
54
8
37
0.3
100
2
12
Solutions
Operational
Technological
REPAIR Engine Tune-Ups
REPOWER New Engine
REDUCE Speeds
REDUCE Idling
Clean Diesel Solutions
Clean Diesel Solutions
REFUEL Alternative Cleaner Diesel Fuels
REDUCE Empty Mileage
REPLACE New Equipment
INCREASE Load Factors
RETROFIT Emissions Filters/ Catalysts
IIMPROVE Efficiency - Logistics
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Freight Study Conclusions

• Need for enhanced focus by States
• Need for improved emissions inventory process
• Development of standard processes
• Integration into project and planning
  development
• Need better understanding of impacts of
  operational strategies
• Not properly captured in tools for estimating
  emissions

14
SAFETEA-LU

• Diesel Engine Retrofits

• Section 1808(b) establishes firm CMAQ
• eligibility for diesel engine retrofits that
  include
• replacement, repowering, rebuilding, and
• after treatment

• Applies to on-road and off-road diesel
• engines for construction projects in ozone
• and PM NA or maintenance

• EPA working on methodology for CMAQ-funded
  off-road projects to receive conformity credit

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Information

• The report can be found at

http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/freightaq/inde
x.htm

• My contact information

Diane Turchetta 202-493-0158 Diane.Turchetta_at_fhwa.
dot.gov

• ICF contact information
• Jeff-Ang Olson
• 415-677-7110
• JAngOlson_at_icfconsulting.com