INSPEN

1
FOREST INVENTORY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
SALIM AMAN FORESTRY DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA (FDPM) ISMAIL PARLAN FOREST RESEARCH
INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
2
OUTLINE FOR PRESENTATION

• Introduction
• Institutional Frameworks
• Forest Resources
• Forest Management Practices
• Forest Inventories
• Forest Carbon Stock
• Conclusion

3
Introduction
4
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Malaysian Constitution - Article 74(2)

• Forestry is a State matter

• Federal Government provides
• technical assistance, training research

National Forestry Council

• Coordinates implementation of forest policies
• programmes

• Resolves common problems issues related to
• administration, management development
• of forest resources

5
Distribution and Extent of Major Forest Types In
Malaysia, 2007 (million ha)
Region Land Area Dry Inland Forest Peat Swamp Forest Mangrove Forest Plantation Forest Total Forested Land Total of Forested Land
Peninsular Malaysia 13.16 4.25 0.24 0.10 0.10 4.74 36.0
Sabah 7.48 3.66 0.12 0.34 0.20 4.32 57.75
Sarawak 12.30 6.81 0.94 0.14 0.18 8.07 65.6
Malaysia 32.94 14.72 1.30 0.58 0.48 17.13 52.0
Source FD Peninsular Malaysia, FD Sabah, FD
Sarawak
6
Permanent Reserved Forests in Malaysia, 2007
(million ha)
Region Land Area Protection Forest Production Forest Total Land Area Under PRFs Percentage of Total Land Area
Peninsular Malaysia 13.16 1.70 3.00 4.70 34.5
Sabah 7.48 0.59 3.01 3.60 48.1
Sarawak 12.30 1.00 6.00 7.00 56.9
Malaysia 32.94 3.29 12.01 15.30 46.4
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Forest Cover Peninsular Malaysia
8

Forest Cover Sabah Sarawak
Forest
National Park/Wildlife Santuaries
Urban/Other Land Use
Agriculture Crops
Secondary Forest
Major Road
State Boundary
International Boundary
Major River
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Forest Management Practices in Peninsular Malaysia
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Forest Management Practices In Peninsular Malaysia
Selective Management System (SMS) Selection of
a management regime based on Pre-Felling
Inventory data to optimize the cut and ensure
sustainable forest development with a cutting
cycle of 25 - 30 years
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• The SMS was evolve to meet the following
• requirements
• Has the flexibility to the manage highly variable
  forest conditions and changes in the
  socio-economic environment
• Rationally based on inherent characteristics of
  the forest and prevailing socio-economic
  conditions
• Allow for the optimization of forest management
  goals, namely
• - an economic cut
• - the sustainability of the forest
• - the minimum costs for forest management

12
Sequence of Operations under the SMS
Year Activities
n - 2 to n - 1 Pre-felling forest inventory of 10 sampling intensity using sistematic-line plots to determine appropriate cutting regimes (limits).
n - 1 to n Tree marking incorporating directional felling.
N Felling all marked trees.
n 2 to n 5 Post-felling forest inventory of 10 inventory using systematic-line-plots to determine residual stocking and appropriate silvicultural treatments.
n 10 Forest inventory of regenerated forest to determine status of the forest.
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• Selective Management System (SMS)
• 3 categories of activities
• Pre-harvesting
• Harvesting
• Post-harvesting

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Pre-Harvesting Activities

• Pre-Felling Inventory
• sampling of all tree species 5cm DBH and above
  and trees less than 5cm DBH but having minimum
  height of 15cm
• Stand and Stock Tables
• Basal area
• Gross and net volume by dbh class
• A stock map is prepared

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Pre-Harvesting Activities

• Cutting Limits Prescription (based on Pre-Felling
  Inventory data)
• Optimal Cutting Regime
• Dipterocarp gt 65 cm DBH
• Non-dipterocarp gt 55 cm DBH
• Chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) gt 65 cm DBH
• Residual stock with minimum of 32 trees from the
  diameter class 30 - 45 cm
• Percentage of dipterocarp species in the residual
  stand for trees having 30 cm DBH and above not
  less than that in the original stand

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Pre-Harvesting Activities

• Timber tagging
• All trees above the prescribed cutting limits are
  marked (with direction) for felling
• Trees to be retained as Mother Tree are marked
  (min of 4 trees per hectare)
• To control and track the movement and removal of
  logs from the forests
• Tag information
• licencees identification code number
• serial number of the trees and
• number of merchantable logs

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• Harvesting Activities
• Carried out according to the rules and
  regulations stipulated in the logging licence
• directional felling
• construction of forest road, skid trail and log
  landings according to prescribe standards
• demarcation of adequate buffer zones

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• Post-Harvesting Activities
• Post Felling Forest Inventory
• carried out 2 - 5 years after harvesting
• to assess the status of the residual stand
• to determine the appropriate silvicultural
  treatments
• Silvicultural Treatments
• GCL or CL
• Enrichment Planting
• Others

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Forest Management PracticesIn Peninsular Malaysia
20
Forest Inventories in Malaysia
21
FOREST INVENTORY

• Important element in forest management
• 2 level Macro Micro
• Macro (National Forest Inventory)
• National State Level
• Covered all types of forests
• Preparation for Forest Management Plan (FMP)
• Micro (Pre-Felling Post-Felling Inventories)
• Management Level (compartment)
• Covered only in Production Forest
• Preparation for Harvesting Rehabilitation Plan

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NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY

• Objectives
• To determine the status of forest area according
  to forest stratum
• To determine the standing volume according to
  forest stratum
• To determine the gross volume according to
  diameter class and species group and
• To provide information on state level for the
  purpose of medium-term forest management planning

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NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY

• Carried out in every 10 years
• The National Forest Inventories (NFI) was first
  conducted in 1971-1972 with assistance from FAO
  (known as NFI 1)
• Subsequently, the NFI 2 was conducted in
  1981-1982 and NFI 3 was conducted in 1991-1993
  (FAO/ CONFROMS).
• NFI 4 was conducted in 2002 2004 with
  assistance from GTZ under the Malaysian- German
  Sustainable Forest Management and Conservation
  Project.

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LAYOUT OF NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY (1)
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LAYOUT OF NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY (2)
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LAYOUT OF NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY (3)
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NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY FOUR (NFI4)

• Design Layout
• Designed with the assistance from GTZ
• Stratified satellite sampling based on randomly
  distributed permanent sample units
• Sampling design consists of permanent sample
  units (satellites) of square shape with one
  sample plot in each corner (altogether 4)
• Each sample plot consists of a 4m sample circle
  for small size trees and a point sample for big
  trees
• Each sample plot were connected with 4m wide
  sample strip of the distance 100 m from each plot

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LAYOUT OF FOURTH NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY (NFI 4)
Sample Strip Rattan, bamboo palms
Point Sampling Each tree gt 10cm dbh with max.
distance 50m from the centre
Sample Circle Each tree 1.5m high - lt 10cm
dbh Medicinal Plants
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DETERMINATION OF SAMPLING UNITS
The number of sample units required depends on
the coefficient of variation (CV) and tolerated
standard error at a given probability level The
formula to determine the number of sample
units n i t² Pi (CVi²)/(SE²)
n i total number of plots for
stratum i Pi area weight of stratum i
t-value on a confidence (probability) level of
95 (CVi ) coefficient of
variation of stratum i (SE ) standard error
30





Stratum No. Stratum No. Stratum No. Stratum Name Stratum Name Stratum Name Stratum Name Stratum Name Stratum Name Stratum Name CV SE CV SE CV SE CV SE CV SE CV SE CV SE SampleUnit SampleUnit SampleUnit
11 11 11 Virgin Forest Good to Superior Virgin Forest Good to Superior Virgin Forest Good to Superior Virgin Forest Good to Superior Virgin Forest Good to Superior Virgin Forest Good to Superior Virgin Forest Good to Superior 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 16 16 16
12 12 12 Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate Virgin Forest Poor to Moderate 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 45 15 36 36 36
20 20 20 Logged 1991 - 2001 Logged 1991 - 2001 Logged 1991 - 2001 Logged 1991 - 2001 Logged 1991 - 2001 Logged 1991 - 2001 Logged 1991 - 2001 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 25 25 25
21 21 21 Logged 1981 - 1990 Logged 1981 - 1990 Logged 1981 - 1990 Logged 1981 - 1990 Logged 1981 - 1990 Logged 1981 - 1990 Logged 1981 - 1990 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 20 20 20
22 22 22 Logged 1971 - 1980 Logged 1971 - 1980 Logged 1971 - 1980 Logged 1971 - 1980 Logged 1971 - 1980 Logged 1971 - 1980 Logged 1971 - 1980 40 15 40 15 40 15 40 15 40 15 40 15 40 15 28 28 28
23 23 23 Logged before 1970 Logged before 1970 Logged before 1970 Logged before 1970 Logged before 1970 Logged before 1970 Logged before 1970 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 22 22 22
31 31 31 Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest Peat Swamp Forest Virgin Forest 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 16 16 16
32 32 32 Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over Peat Swamp Forest Logged-over 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 20 20 20
40 40 40 State Land Forest Inland Forest State Land Forest Inland Forest State Land Forest Inland Forest State Land Forest Inland Forest State Land Forest Inland Forest State Land Forest Inland Forest State Land Forest Inland Forest 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50 20 25 25 25
41 41 41 State Land Forest P S F State Land Forest P S F State Land Forest P S F State Land Forest P S F State Land Forest P S F State Land Forest P S F State Land Forest P S F 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 45 20 20 20 20
50 50 50 Protection Forest Protection Forest Protection Forest Protection Forest Protection Forest Protection Forest Protection Forest 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 35 15 10 10 10
                    Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 238 238 238

NUMBER OF SAMPLE UNITS PER STRATUM AT STATE LEVEL
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ACTUAL NO. OF SAMPLE UNITS BY STATES
State Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Number of Sample Units by Strata Total
State 11 12 20 21 22 23 31 32 40 41 50 Total
Johor 16 36 25 20 28 22 16 22 25 20 10 240
Kedah 16 36 25 20 28 22 - - - - 10 157
Kelantan 16 36 25 20 28 22 - - 25 - 10 182
Melaka - - - - 28 22 - - - - - 50
N.Sembilan 16 36 26 20 28 22 - - 7 - 12 167
Pulau Pinang - - - - - - - - - - 27 27
Perak 16 36 25 20 28 22 - - 25 - 10 182
Perlis - - - - - - - - - - 25 25
Pahang 16 36 25 20 28 22 22 21 25 20 10 245
Selangor 16 - 25 20 28 22 - 36 25 20 10 202
Terengganu 16 36 25 20 28 22 16 - 25 20 10 218
Total 128 252 201 160 252 198 54 79 157 80 134 1695
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EXPENDITURE
NO ACTIVITY TOTAL (USD)
1. Inventory and Monitoring 718,900
2. Equipment 82,290
3. Reports 38,860
TOTAL TOTAL 840,050
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RESULTS (gt10cm dbh)

1. No. of Trees per Hectare 408
2. Estimation of Total Trees 2.35 Billion
3. Net Volume of Trees per Hectare 215 m3/ha
4. Estimation of Total Volume 12.5 Billion m3

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Forest Carbon Stock in Malaysia

• - Based on Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2005)

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Data sources

• National Forest Inventory (NFI) of Peninsular
  Malaysia used as a basis for estimation of
  growing stock and species basic density for whole
  Malaysia (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak).

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Biomass Stock
Category Definition
Above-ground biomass All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage.
Below-ground biomass All living biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2mm diameter are excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter.
Dead wood biomass All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country.
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Above-Ground Biomass
Variables
Growing Stock in forests in million m3 5242
Basic Density 0.5
Stem Biomass in million tonnes 2621
Stem Biomass/ha (tonnes/ha) 125.46
BEF 2.16
Above Ground Biomass in Forests 5661
The Biomass Expansion Factors have been
calculated by using following Sandra Brown
formula. Stem Biomass/ha (tonnes/ha) Stem
Biomass in million tonnes / extent of Forest
(2005) 2621,000,000/20,891,120 125.46 BEF
EXP 3.213-0.506LN(Biomass in tonnes/ha)
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Below-Ground Biomass
Variables
Default Root Shoot Ratio 0.24
Above Ground Biomass in Forests in million tonnes 5661
Below Ground Biomass in Forest in million tonnes 1359
Total live biomass in Forests in million tonnes 7020
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Dead-Wood Biomass
Variables
Default Dead to Live Ratio 0.15
Total Live Biomass in Forests in million tonnes 7020
Dead Wood Biomass in Forests in million tonnes 1053
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Biomass Data for 2005 (million metric tonnes
oven-dry weight)
Above-ground biomass 5661
Below-ground biomass 1359
Dead wood biomass 1053
TOTAL Biomass 8073
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Carbon Stock
Category Definition
Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in all living biomass above the soil, including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage.
Carbon in below-ground biomass Carbon in all living biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded, because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter.
Carbon in dead wood biomass Carbon in all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country.
Carbon in litter Carbon in all non-living biomass with a diameter less than a minimum diameter chose by the country for lying dead (for example 10 cm), in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. This includes the litter, fumic, and humic layers.
Soil carbon Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a specified depth chosen by the country and applied consistently through the time series.
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Estimation Forecasting for Forest Carbon Stock
Variables
Above-ground biomass 5661
Default factor 0.5
Carbon in Above ground biomass 2831
Below-ground biomass 1359
Default factor 0.5
Carbon in Below ground biomass 679
Total 3510
Dead wood biomass 1053
Default factor 0.5
Carbon in Dead wood biomass 526
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Forest Carbon Stock of Malaysia for 2005
(million metric tonnes)
Carbon in above-ground biomass 2831
Carbon in below-ground biomass 679
Sub-total Carbon in living biomass 3510
Carbon in dead wood 526
Carbon in litter -
Sub-total Carbon in dead wood and litter 526
TOTAL CARBON 4036
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General Conclusions

• Forest Inventories are important element in
  achieving the Sustainable Forest Management
  (SFM).
• Useful to quantify
• the woods and non-woods forest produces.
• estimations on Biomass and Carbon stocks.
• Planning for next NFI
• incorporate the current requirements i.e. carbon
  stock.
• assistance from various international agencies/
  NGOs i.e. CfRN, GTZ, etc. in developing
  methodology for the next NFI.

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THANK YOU
FORESTRY DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
(FDPM) FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)