10th American History

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10th American History

• Unit II- Becoming a World Power
• Chapter 7 Section 3
• Roosevelt and Latin America

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The United States and Latin America

• The Big Idea
• The United States expanded its role in Latin
  America in the early 1900s.
• Main Ideas
• The United States built the Panama Canal in the
  early 1900s.
• Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S. policy toward
  Latin America.
• Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S.
  interests in Latin America.

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Looking to Foreign Lands (0330)
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Main Idea 1 The United States built the Panama
Canal in the early 1900s.
The Goal

• To build a narrow canal across the narrow neck of
  Central America
• Link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
• Cut 8,000 miles off the sea voyage from the West
  to the East coasts of the United States
• Allow U.S. Navy to quickly link Atlantic and
  Pacific fleets

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Revolution in Panama

• Panamanian revolutionaries planned a revolt
  against Colombia.
• The United States assisted them.
• Helped the rebellion succeed
• Recognized Panama as an independent country
• New Panamanian government made lease agreement
  with United States.
• 10 million plus 250,000 a year for 99-year
  lease on a 10-mile wide strip of land across the
  isthmus

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Building the Panama Canal

• Difficult to build
• Workers faced tropical diseases, though risk of
  yellow fever and malaria were reduced by Dr.
  William Gorgas, who organized successful effort
  to rid the area of disease carrying mosquitoes.
• Working in the high mountains with explosives was
  dangerous.
• Some 6,000 people died making the canal.
• The Panama Canal opened on August 15, 1914,
  linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• Took ten years to complete and cost 375 million

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Panama Canal

• The American expenditures from 1904 to 1914
  totaled 352,000,000, far more than the cost of
  anything built by the United States Government up
  to that time. Together the French and American
  expenditures totaled 639,000,000. It took 34
  years from the initial effort in 1880 to actually
  open the Canal in 1914. It is estimated that over
  80,000 persons took part in the construction and
  that over 30,000 lives were lost in both French
  and American efforts.

• 1878- French company tries building a canal
  across Panama- Paid Columbia for rights.
• French Failed and gave up
• 1898- U.S. government buys up the French rights
  and equipmentto the canal for 40 million.
• The United States and the new state of Panama
  signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, by which the
  United States guaranteed the independence of
  Panama and secured a perpetual lease on a 10-mile
  strip for the canal. Panama was to be compensated
  by an initial payment of 10 million and an
  annuity of 250,000, beginning in 1913.
• The U.S. helped Panama gain its independence from
  Columbia.

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Canal Construction

• Length- 51 miles
• 11.5 to Gatun Locks
• 40 miles across Lake Gatun to the Pedro Miguel
  locks
• The Pedro Miguel locks lower ships 9.4 metres,
  then on to the Miraflores Locks which lower ships
  16 metres to sea level at the canals Pacific
  terminus in the bay of Panama.
• The Panama Canal was constructed in two stages.
  The first between 1881 and 1888, being the work
  carried out by the French company headed by de
  Lessop and secondly the work by the Americans
  which eventually completed the canals
  construction between 1904 and 1914.

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Roosevelt and the Canal

• Roosevelt ordered army engineers to start
  digging. Thousands of workers sweated in the
  malarial heat. They tore up jungles and cut down
  mountains. Insects thrived in muddy, stagnant
  pools. "Mosquitoes get so thick you get a
  mouthful with every breath," a worker complained.
  The mosquitoes also carried yellow fever, and
  many fell victim to the deadly disease before Dr.
  William Gorgas found a way to stop it.
• Some Americans did not approve of Roosevelt's
  behavior. "There was much accusation about my
  having acted in an 'unconstitutional' manner,"
  Teddy shrugged. "I took the isthmus, started the
  canal, and then left Congress -- not to debate
  the canal, but to debate me. . . . While the
  debate goes on, the canal does too and they are
  welcome to debate me as long as they wish,
  provided that we can go on with the canal.
• Roosevelt liked to repeat an old African saying
  "Speak softly, and carry a big stick. You will go
  far." In Panama, Teddy proved to the world that
  he was willing to use his big navy as a stick to
  further American interests

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French Connection
Columbia
Problems and Solutions
U.S. sends wawrships to Panama to protect U.S.
lives Helps Panama with the Revolution and
Independence. Panama now makes a deal with the
U.S. for a 10 mile wide strip of land. 10
million and 250,000 lease per year. Harsh
working conditions, engineering and logistical
problems, malaria, and yellow fever hampered
construction. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Failed attempt- 1878 Paid Columbia for the
rights. Builder of Suez Canal in charge
Money problems, disease, and construction
problems. 1898- sold their rights and
equipment to the U.S. for 40
million.
Columbia owned Panama Columbia had made a deal
with the French to build the canal. U.S.
offered Columbia 10 Million, but they want
30 million Revolution for Independence in
Panama, aided by U.S.
warships- who would not let
Columbian ships land troops.
Panama Canal
Commerical Reasons Transportation
Cost lower- 60 All-water route is shorter.
Military Reasons- Navy needs to be able to
move from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean for
defense. Across Panama was the shortest route.
Began in 1904 Expenses for the U.S.-
352 Million Total- 51 mile, locks. 34
years to build Opened 1914- Treaty ratified
1921 80,000 workers and 30,000 deaths Yellow
Fever- Dr. Gorgas and the Mosquito. Columbia-
26 million

American Foreign policy under T.
Roosevelt. Addition to Monroe Doctrine. U.S. has
the right to intervene In Latin American
affairs. International police force. Speak
Softly and carry a big stick. Great White Fleet.
Building the Canal
Purpose- Why?
Roosevelt Corollary
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Problems and Solutions
French Connection
Columbia
Panama Canal
Purpose- Why?
Building the Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
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Building the Panama Canal

• Identify What nation did the Isthmus of Panama
  originally belong to?
• Make Inferences- Did President Roosevelt want to
  go to war with Columbia? Why or why not?
• Evaluate What is your opinion of the importance
  of Dr. Gorgas contribution to the canal project?

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Building the Panama Canal

• Identify Panama City is nearest which ocean?
• Identify Cause and Effect- In what ways did the
  Panama Canal affect U.S. exports?
• Analyze Construction of the canal cost
  366,650,000. Annual shipping savings from the
  East coast to the West coast was 32,780,000
  million. If this was the only savings, when
  would the canal have paid for itself?

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Main Idea 2 Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S.
policy toward Latin America.
The Panama Canal allowed the United States to
become more involved in Latin America.
American military power grew stronger and allowed
the United States to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
President Roosevelt created a policy called the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to
force debtor nations to repay loans to Europethe
United States would intervene in any wrongdoing
by Latin American countries.
The United States became the international
police power in the Western Hemisphere.
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Roosevelt Corollary

• Big Stick Policy of TR.
• Addition to Monroe Doctrine
• United States would intervene as a last resort to
  keep other powers out and ensure financial
  stability
• United States increasingly used military force to
  restore internal stability to nations in the
  region
• United States might "exercise international
  police power
• It did serve as justification for U.S.
  intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the
  Dominican Republic

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Main Idea 3 Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted
U.S. interests in Latin America.

• President William Howard Taft acted to protect
  U.S. interests in Latin America.
• Used dollar diplomacy policyinfluencing
  governments through economic, not military,
  intervention
• Loaned money to Nicaragua in exchange for control
  of the National Bank of Nicaragua and the railway
• Sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 to protect
  American interests
• Woodrow Wilson believed that the United States
  had a moral obligation to promote democracy.
• Often sent troops into Latin America to prevent
  foreign intervention or political unrest
• Sent troops to assist Mexicos government in the
  Mexican Revolution

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Dollar Diplomacy- Taft

• 1909-1913
• Goal of diplomacy was to create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote American
  commercial interests
• Extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and
  Central America, especially in measures
  undertaken to safeguard American financial
  interests in the region
• U.S. to further its foreign policy aims in Latin
  America and East Asia through use of its economic
  power.

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The Mexican Revolution

• Mexicans revolted against harsh rule of dictator
  Porfirio Díaz in 1910.
• War affected U.S. interests.
• Business leaders feared they would lose their
  investments worth over 1 billion.
• The United States entered the war.
• 1914 U.S. Navy seized city of Veracruz and
  prevented weapons from reaching the rebels.
• 1916 General John J. Pershing and about 15,000
  U.S. soldiers were sent to catch the rebel leader
  Francisco Pancho Villa, who had killed 17
  Americans in New Mexico.
• In 1917, a new constitution began to bring order
  to Mexico.

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Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy

• Washingtons Farewell Address
• United States will not become involved in
  European affairs.
• Monroe Doctrine
• United States will defend its interests in
  Western Hemisphere and keep European powers out.
• Roosevelt Corollary
• United States will police wrongdoing by
  nations in Western Hemisphere.

• Tafts Dollar Diplomacy
• United States will use economic means to aid
  its interests in Latin America.
• Wilson and Democracy
• The United States will promote and protect
  democracy in the Western Hemisphere.

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U.S. Policy Toward Latin America

• Describe What idea did the Monroe Doctrine
  express?
• Make Inferences- What can you infer about U.S.
  military strength during Monroes presidency?
• Evaluate Should the U.S. have acted as a
  police officer to the region?

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U.S. Policy Toward Latin America

• Explain What did the U.S. get in return for
  lending Nicaragua 1.5 billion?
• Contrast- Roosevelt used a show of military
  power to accomplish his foreign policy goals.
  What was the main tool used by Taft?
• Compare In what way was President Wilson like
  President Roosevelt?
• Identify Cause and Effect What was the cause of
  the Mexican Revolution?

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U.S. Policy Toward Latin America

• Identify Name four things in which America
  business leaders invested in Mexico?
• Draw Conclusions- Why did Wilson order the navy
  to seize Veracruz?
• Elaborate What are some possible results of
  120,000 Mexicans fleeing violence and immigrating
  to the U.S.?