10th American History

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10th American History

• Unit V- A Nation Facing Challenges
• Chapter 18 Section 1
• Fighting Segregation

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Fighting Segregation

• The Main Idea
• In the mid-1900s, the civil rights movement began
  to make major progress in correcting the national
  problem of racial segregation.
• Reading Focus
• What was the status of the civil rights movement
  prior to 1954?
• What were the key issues in the Supreme Courts
  ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
  Kansas, and what was its impact?
• How did events in Montgomery, Alabama, help
  launch the modern civil rights movement?

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Separate but Unequal (0446)
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The Civil Rights Movement prior to 1954

• Pre-1900
• Opposition to slavery in colonial days
• Abolition movement and Civil War
• Legalized racism after Reconstruction
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson allowed the segregation
  of African Americans and whites.

• To 1930
• Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
• Founding of the NAACP in 1909
• African Americans suffered worse than others
  during the Great Depression.
• Roosevelt unwilling to push too hard for greater
  African American rights.

• To 1940
• A. Philip Randolph forced a federal ban against
  discrimination in defense work.
• 1940s founding of CORE
• President Truman desegregated the armed forces.
• Brooklyn Dodgers put an African AmericanJackie
  Robinsonon its roster.

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A Major Leaguer (0447)
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Seeking Change in the Courts
The NAACP attacked racism through the courts. In
the 1930s Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood
Marshall began a campaign to attack the concept
of separate but equal.
The NAACP began to chip away at the 1896 Supreme
Court ruling in Plessy v. Fergusonthe legal
basis for segregation.

• Examples
• 1938 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada,
  Registrar of the University of Missouri
• 1950 Sweatt v. Painter

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The Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954

• What was the status of the Civil Rights movement
  prior to 1954?
• Recall Who established the NAACP?
• Describe- What was life like for African
  Americans after the Civil War and during the
  Reconstruction period?
• Make Inferences- Why do you think that President
  Franklin D. Roosevelt did not push harder for
  civil rights?

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The Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954

• Explain What does the abbreviation CORE stand
  for and what was the focus of the organization?
• Make Inferences- Why do you think that NAACP
  focused on attacking racisim through the court
  system?

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Key Issues in the Supreme Courts ruling on Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• Thurgood Marshall began to focus on desegregating
  the nations elementary and high schools in the
  1950s.
• He found a case in Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas.
• The Supreme Court combined several school
  segregation cases from around the country into a
  single case Brown v. Board of Education of
  Topeka, Kansas.
• The Supreme Court was aware of this cases great
  significance.

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Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court heard arguments over a two-year
period. The Court also considered research about
segregations effects on African American
children.
In 1954 Chief Justice Earl Warren issued the
Supreme Courts decision.
All nine justices agreed that separate schools
for African Americans and whites violated the
Constitutions guarantee of equal protection of
the law.
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Brown Versus Board of Education (0641)
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The Little Rock Crisis

• Integration
• The Supreme Courts ruling did not offer guidance
  about how or when desegregation should occur.
• Some states integrated quickly. Other states
  faced strong opposition.
• Virginia passed laws that closed schools who
  planned to integrate.
• In Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor violated a
  federal court order to integrate Little Rocks
  Central High School.

• The Little Rock Nine
• On September 4, 1957, angry whites harassed nine
  black students as they arrived at Little Rocks
  Central High School.
• The Arkansas National Guard turned the Little
  Rock Nine away and prevented them from entering
  the school for three weeks.
• Finally, Eisenhower sent U.S. soldiers to escort
  the Little Rock Nine into the school.
• The events in Little Rock revealed how strong
  racism was in some parts of the country.

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Central High (0328)
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Brown v. Board of Education

• What were the key issues in the Supreme Courts
  1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of
  Topeka, Kansas, and what was its impact?
• Recall Who represented Linda Brown?
• Explain- Why was the case of Linda Brown taken to
  the Supreme Court?
• Draw Conclusions- Why do you think the Court
  combined cases instead of just hearing Linda
  Browns case?

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Brown v. Board of Education

• Analyze Do you think that those who organized
  massive resistance believed their tactics would
  stop integration?
• Draw Conclusions- Did Brown v. Board of Education
  immediately change the pattern of segregation in
  public schools?

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A Change is Gonna Come (0347)
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Montgomery, Alabama
The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• In 1955 a local NAACP member named Rosa Parks
  refused to give her seat to white riders.
• The resulting Montgomery bus boycott led to a
  Supreme Court ruling that segregation on buses
  was unconstitutional.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• African Americans formed the Southern Christian
  Leadership Conference, or SCLC, to protest
  activities taking place all across the South.
• Martin Luther King Jr. was the elected leader of
  this groupwhich was committed to mass,
  nonviolent action.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• When Rosa Parks was arrested, the NAACP called
  for a one-day boycott of the city bus system.
• Community leaders formed the Montgomery
  Improvement Association and selected Martin
  Luther King Jr. as its leader.
• African Americans continued to boycott the bus
  system for a yearwhich hurt the bus system and
  other white businesses.
• After the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on
  buses was unconstitutional, integration of the
  buses moved forward.

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King, Jr. Begins His Preaching Career (0340)
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1957 The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference Non-Violent Resistance (0147)
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A Boycott Begins in Montgomery, Alabama

• How did events in Montgomery, Alabama, help
  launch the modern civil rights movement?
• Recall What was the SCLC and what was the
  groups purpose?
• Describe- Who were the first members of the SCLC?
• Draw Conclusions- Why was it important that SCLC
  be all-inclusive, open to all races and religions?