Chapter 17 Holy Roman Empire

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Chapter 17 Holy Roman Empire
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• 1.Charles V Ruled the Holy Roman Empire and
  Spanish Empire from 1519- 1556. Torn between
  duties of 2 empires. Hapsburg (royal family)
  struggle with France and as a Catholic fought to
  suppress the Protestant movement in German
  states. Yet with Peace of Augsburg allowed
  German princes to choose their own religions.
  Entered monastery in 1556, left all of Hapsburg
  land to Ferdinand, and rest to son Phillip.
• 2.Suleiman Ruler of Ottoman Empire, enemy of
  Charles V. His forces advanced across Central
  Europe to the walls of Vienna. Ottomans occupied
  much of Hungary.

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Phillip II

• 3.King Phillip II Son of Charles ruled
  1556-1598. Hardworking, devout, ambitious.
  Lived like a monk. Sought to expand Spanish
  influence, strengthened the Catholic Church.
  Palace Escorial, Somber palace. It served as
  church, residence, and tomb for royal family.
  Philip saw himself as guardian of Catholic
  Church, defending the Catholic reformation and to
  slow the spreading of Protestantism. He enforced
  religious unity turning the inquisition against
  Protestants and others considered to be heretics.
• 4. Absolute monarch A ruler with complete
  authority over the government and lives of the
  people.
• 5. Divine right Belief that authority to rule
  came directly from God.

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6. Revolt in the Netherlands

• Largely Protestant, resisted Phillips efforts to
  crush their faith, opposed burdensome taxes and
  autocratic Spanish rule. 1560s riots against the
  Inquisition led to uprising
• 1581- Northern Protestant provinces declared
  independence and became known as the Dutch
  Netherlands. Supported by Englands Elizabeth I

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Spain

• 7. Spanish Armada 1580s Englands Elizabeth I
  main Protestant enemy. She encouraged English
  ships to steal Spanish treasure. 1588- Spanish
  fleet of ships (armada) tried to invade England.
  Heavy Spanish ships were weak and lumbering in
  English channel and smaller, lighter English
  ships won. English were outnumbered, storm
  scattered armada. Spanish naval superiority
  dwindled.
• 8. Siglo de oro Golden Century 1550-1650 in
  Spain. Brilliance of its arts and literature.
  Phillip II was a patron of the arts and also
  founded academics of science and mathematics.

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Spain

• 9. El Greco The Greek, painter born on island
  of Crete, studied in Renaissance Italy. Dramatic
  elongated style.
• 10. Diego Velasquez Influenced by El Greco.
  Court painter to Phillip IV
• 11. Miguel de Cervantes Wrote Don Quixote.
  First modern novel in Europe, poke fun at
  medieval tales of chivalry.
• Spains power declined in 1600s due to costly
  overseas wars, heavily taxed middle class

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France
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France

• 12. Huguenots French Protestants. Wars between
  Protestants and Catholics 1560s-1590s
• 13. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre August 24, 1572
  Huguenot and Catholic nobles gathered to
  celebrate a wedding, violence erupted that led to
  the massacre of 3000 Huguenots. Leads to the
  breakdown of order in France
• 14. Henry IV 1589, Bourbon Prince, Huguenot
  leader (Henry of Navarre) became Catholic to
  avoid severe problems ruling a largely Catholic
  France. Set out to heal France. Government
  reached into every area of life. Royal officials
  administered justice, improved roads, built
  bridges and revived agriculture. Reduced royal
  bureaucracy and reduced royal absolutism.
• 15. Edict of Nantes 1598 issued to protect
  Protestants. Granted religious toleration and
  let them fortify their own towns and cities.

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France

• 16. Richelieu After Henry IV fell victim to an
  assassin in 1610. 9 year old son Louis XIII
  inherited throne. 1604 appointed Cardinal Armand
  Richelieu as chief minister. Determined to
  destroy power of nobles and Huguenots. Defeated
  nobles private armies and destroyed fortified
  castles. Tied nobles to king by placing them in
  high positions in court and the army.
• 17. Louis XIV Inherited throne 1643 chief
  advisor died 1661, decided to rule alone.
  Believed in divine right -I am the state. Took
  the sun as his symbol. Came to be known as the
  Sun King. Ruled for 72 years. Built Palace of
  Versailles.
• 18.Fronde Uprising of Nobles, merchants,
  peasants, and urban poor each for their own
  reasons. Once drove boy king from palace.

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More France.

• 19. Estates General Representatives of all 3
  French classes clergy, nobles, townspeople.
  Consulted by king but never in position to rule
  like English parliament. Never called during
  Louis XIV reign. Never met between 1614 and
  1789.
• 20. Intendants Appointed by Louis, royal
  officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers
  and carried out his policies in the provinces.
  Army became strongest in Europe. State fed,
  paid, trained and supplied up to 300,000
  soldiers.
• 21. Colbert Jean Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV
  chief finance minister. Mercantilist policies to
  bolster economy and trade. New lands cleared for
  farming, encouraged mining and other basic
  industries. Put high tariffs on imported goods
  to protect French manufacturers. Encouraged
  overseas colonies
• 22. Versailles Countryside near Paris. Palace of
  Louis XIV. Symbol of wealth and power. Housed
  10,000 people!
• 23. Wars of Louis XIV Poured resources to expand
  French borders. Early wars gained territories,
  later wars were disastrous because rivals paired
  up to check French advances.

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• 24. Balance of Power Distribution of military
  and economic power that would prevent any one
  nation from domination in Europe.

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England

• 29. Stuarts Ruling family of Scotland. 1603 got
  throne of England, century of revolution
  Stuarts vs. Parliament
• 30. James I First Stuart monarch, agreed to rule
  according to English rule and and customs.
  Clashed with Parliament over money and foreign
  policy. Needed money to fund lavish court.
  Dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his
  own. Issues with religion. New puritans urged to
  purify church against Catholics. James did not
  agree.

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32. Charles I

• Inherited throne 1625, behaved like an absolute
  monarch. Imprisoned foes without trial, took
  money. 1628 forced to summon parliament when
  needed money. 1629 dissolved Parliament again.
  Created many enemies including Calvinist Scots
  when introducing Anglican prayer boom to
  Scotland. Parliament finally reacted, Long
  Parliament. Both sides created army Began
  English Civil War.

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• 34. English Civil War 1642-1649 Major challenge
  to Absolute monarchs. Revolutionaries triumphed.
  Charles 1 vs. Parliament . King put on trial-
  found guilty and condemned to death.
• 37. Oliver Cromwell Leader of Roundhead, or
  revolutionaries. Skilled general, Puritan.
  Believed in religious freedom for Protestants.
  Led the Commonwealth or English republic.
  Closed theaters, no dancing, increased schooling
  to read bible. Died 1658.

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• 42. Charles II 1660 returned Stuart family to
  throne. Re-opened theaters and taverns and had
  lively court. Absolute but shrewd. Tolerated
  other religions and had secret Catholic
  sympathies.
• 43. James II 1685 inherited throne, flaunted
  Catholic faith. People feared he would return
  England to Catholic Church by putting Catholics
  in high office. 1688 Parliament invited
  Protestants to take over.

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44. Glorious Revolution

• William and Mary landed with armies in 1688.
  James II fled to France. Bloodless overthrow
  became Glorious Revolution. Had to accept
  several acts before taking throne.

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• 45. English Bill of Rights Acts passed by
  parliament accepted by William and Mary limits
  on royal power, limited monarchy ( govt limits
  kings power), habeus corpus ( needed to be
  charged with crime before imprisoned)
• 46. Toleration Act of 1689 Granted toleration to
  Puritans, Quakers, Protestants.

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47. 30 Years War

• Germany granted as local conflict in Bohemia
  (Czech republic). Began as local religious
  struggle. Ferdinand, King of Bohemia , sought to
  suppress protestants and to assert royal power
  over local nobles. May 1618- Rebellious
  Protestant nobleman tossed 2 royal officials out
  of castle window in Prague.
• 1648- series of treaties known as Peace of
  Westphalia Left Germany divided into 360
  separate states.

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Russia(Russia)

• 48.Peter the Great ruled the Russian Empire from
  1682 until his death. Peter carried out a policy
  of Westernization and expansion that transformed
  the Tsardom of Russia into the Russian Empire, a
  major European power. Peter implemented sweeping
  reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Further,
  Peter implemented social westernization in an
  absolute manner by requiring courtiers, state
  officials, and the military to shave their beards
  and adopt Western clothing styles.

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49.Catherine the Great

• Coming soon!