Launching the Republic

1
Launching the Republic

• Western Expansion

2
Words to the Wise

• Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all
  nations, entangling alliances with none
• - Thomas Jefferson

3
The Years to Come

• Even with the ratification of the Constitution
  life would not come easy.
• The American nation would still struggle with
• The National Debt
• Rebellion War
• Frontier and Foreign conflicts
• The Emergence of Political Parties
• The Desire to Expand West (Manifest Destiny)
• The Slavery Divide
• Secession

4
New Countrys Economy

• President Washington concentrated mainly on
  foreign affairs and military matters when he took
  office in 1789.
• But he knew that the precedents or traditions
  he established would shape the future of the
  United States.

5
Washingtons Precedents

• Washington knew that what he did as the first
  president would set the standard for later
  presidents.
• Traditions set by Washington
• The Inaugural Address
• Two terms in office
• Creation of the cabinet
• Foreign policy of neutrality

6
The National Bank

• The first matter Washington would inherit
  remedying the National Debt.
• Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the treasury,
  was put in charge of this matter.
• After much debate it was decided that there would
  be a National Bank so that the new government
  could pay off the millions of dollars in debts
  they owed to other countries and individual
  American citizens.

7
Tariffs and Taxes

• Hamilton believed that Agricultural America would
  benefit from more manufacturing.
• He proposed a tariff a tax on imports to
  protect new American industries from foreign
  competition.
• Also proposed national taxes to help govt. pay
  off the national debt (tax on whiskey)

8
Stop Think

• How do you think the states will handle these new
  policies under the new government?

9
The Whiskey Rebellion

• PA farmers resisted the tax on whiskey and their
  protest turned violent in July 1794.
• An armed mob attacked tax collectors and burned
  down buildings.
• Message Government should use force when
  necessary to keep social order.

10
Struggles in West

• Washington signed treaties with Native Americans
  dealing with land in west.
• Americans ignored treaties and moved onto lands
  promised to natives.
• Fighting broke out between the Americans and the
  natives.

11
Struggles in West

• Washington felt a possible alliance with France
  would help the Americans defeat the involved
  natives.
• Possible French involvement angered British and
  they aligned with natives.
• After being told to leave the Ohio River
  Territory Washington attacked again and won most
  of Ohio area.

12
Problems with Europe

• Washington declared Neutrality Act did not want
  to take sides in the conflict between France
  Britain.
• France tried to get United States as an ally.
• Washington refused but continued trading with
  France.
• Britain forced those American crews into the
  British navy.

13
Problems with Europe

• This impressment angered the Americans.
• To negotiate a peaceful solution U.S. and
  Britain signed Jays Treaty
• British agreed to withdraw from American soil.
• Did not deal with British interference with
  American trade.

14
Spain Gets Involved

• Spanish leaders feared that U.S. and Britain
  would work together.
• Pinckneys Treaty gave Americans free
  navigation of the Mississippi River
• Right to trade in New Orleans.

15
Opposing Views

• By 1796, Americans began to take opposing sides
  on issues and formed political parties
  factions.
• At that time many people, including Washington
  believed that political parties were harmful.

16
Emergence of Political Parties

• Washington thought political parties would divide
  the nation.
• Others believed it was natural that people would
  disagree about issues.

17

• Federalists in 1790s
• Supported politics of Washington.
• Strong central government
• Admired Britain, distrusted France
• Favored banking and shipping interests
• Supporters Northeast (New England) and wealthy
  plantation owners in South

• Democratic-Republicans
• Limit governments power
• Feared a strong central govt. would endanger
  peoples liberties.
• Supported French resented Washington
• Appealed to small farmers and urban workers esp.
  in Mid-Atlantic states and the South.

18
Textbook Challenge

• Turn to page 267 and read the People in History
  Section
• Answer questions 1 2 relating to their views on
  constitutional powers.

19
More disagreement

• Hamilton the Federalist Party believed that the
  Federal Government had implied powers (natl.
  bank)
• Jefferson, Madison the Republicans believed in
  a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

20

• The people are turbulent and changing they
  seldom judge or determine right.
• - Alexander Hamilton

21
Federalist Perspective on Citizen involvement

• Public office should be held by educated men with
  property who would protect the rights of all the
  nations people.
• Ordinary people would be swayed by rebels.

22

• I am not among those who fear the people. They,
  and not the rich, are our dependence what we
  depend on for continued freedom.
• - Thomas Jefferson

23
Republican Perspective

• Feared strong central government controlled by
  the few.
• Democracy and liberty safe only if ordinary
  people participated entirely in government.

24
Election of 1796

• First trial of political parties.
• To prepare each party held caucuses meetings
  where members of Congress and other leaders chose
  their parties candidates for office.

25

• Federalists
• John Adams Pres.
• Charles Pinckney - Vice Pres.
• Republicans
• Thomas Jefferson Pres.
• Aaron Burr Vice Pres.
• Adams Pres.
• Jefferson Vice Pres.

26
Presidency of John Adams

• At the time Adams became president there was now
  a dispute between U.S. France due to the Jays
  Treaty.

27
French Aggression

• France believed it was an attempt to support the
  British.
• To punish the U.S. the French attacked American
  ships that carried cargo to Britain.

28
War A Brewing

• As American anger rose against France the
  Americans became suspicious of aliens
  immigrants living the country who were not
  citizens.
• If the U.S. went to war with France they wondered
  if the European immigrants would side with France.

29
Alien-Sedition Acts

• Those who aimed to weaken government and any
  aliens considered dangerous were subject to
  imprisonment or deportation.

30
Virginia Kentucky Resolutions

• Madison and Jefferson drafted these documents
  claiming that the Alien and Sedition Acts
  violated the Constitution.
• Asked that states nullify legally overturn
  federal laws considered unconstitutional.

31
Do Now

• What is meant by the term, Election Deadlock?
  Think How was the election process during the
  late 1700s, early 1800s, problematic?

32
The Election of 1800

• Federalists supported John Adams
• Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for
  president and Aaron Burr as his running mate.
• Jefferson and Burr both received 73 electoral
  votes.

33
Twelfth Amendment

• In 1803 because of Election deadlock where House
  of Representatives had to decide between
  Jefferson and Burr, the 12th Amendment was added
  to the Constitution.
• Electors now had to vote for the president and
  vice president on separate ballots.

34
Jeffersons Presidency

• Jefferson believed in supporting the state
  governments in all of their rights.
• He believed a large federal government threatened
  the liberty and that the states could protect
  freedom.
• Laissez-faire government let people do as they
  choose, hands off.

35
Western Territory

• The 1800s marked the time when Americans began
  moving west in search of land and adventure.

36
Western Territory

• Most of these pioneers were farmers and made the
  long, back-breaking trek over the Appalachian
  Mountains.
• Others still trudged along crude, muddy roads
  or cut through dense forests.

37
Conestoga Wagons

• Settlers loaded household goods, rifles and axes
  into these wagons sturdy vehicles topped with
  white canvas to go west-bound.

38
Challenges

• Food/supply shortage
• Disease
• Native Conflict
• Deadly animals
• Treacherous terrain

39
Moving West

• In 1800 U.S. territory extended only as far west
  as the Mississippi River.
• Area west of Mississippi River was known as the
  Louisiana Territory which belonged to Spain.

40
Louisiana Territory originally owned by Spain
Mississippi River
41
Advantages of Louisiana Territory

• Pioneers established farms along rivers that fed
  into the upper Mississippi River.
• The river was used to ship their crops to
  markets.

42
Advantages of Louisiana Territory

• Goods sent downriver were unloaded in New
  Orleans.
• Goods were then loaded on other ships and sent to
  markets on the East coast.
• If the farmers didnt have access to the
  Mississippi River there was no way to ship their
  goods.

43
The French Threat

• Spain controlled the region, allowing the
  Americans to sail on the lower Mississippi and to
  trade in New Orleans.
• Then, secretly, Spain agreed to transfer the
  Louisiana Territory to France.

44
The French Threat

• Americans were no longer allowed to move their
  goods into or past New Orleans.

45
The French Threat

• This new agreement posed a serious diplomatic and
  economic threat to the United States.
• Napoleon Bonaparte, had plans to create empires
  not only in Europe, but the Americas.
• French control would put American trade on the
  Mississippi River at risk.

46
The French Threat

• Jefferson asked Robert Livingston, the new
  minister to France, to offer 10 million dollars
  for New Orleans and West Florida to regain
  control of the territory.

47
The Nation Expands

• Napoleon saw Santo Domingo (Haiti) as an
  important Caribbean naval base from which he
  could control an American empire.
• When the French were driven out in 1802, Napoleon
  abandoned the plan.
• He also needed money to fund his war for Britain
  and decided selling the Louisiana territory would
  be the way hed do it.

48
The Louisiana Purchase -1803

• Charles de Talleyrand informed the American
  diplomats that the entire Louisiana Territory was
  for sale.
• After days of negotiation they agreed on a price
  of 15 million dollars 3 cents per acre!
• The territory would provide cheap and abundant
  land for farmers.
• Gave the U.S. control of the M. River.

49
Lewis Clark Expedition

• Little was known about the land west of the
  Mississippi.
• Jefferson persuaded Congress to sponsor an
  expedition to gather information about the new
  land.

50
Expedition was helpful

• Exploring the west would help us find out about
  the territorys plants and animals as well as
  recommend sites for future forts.
• Also helped us find and map the Northwest
  Passage water route across North America.

51
Lewis Clark

• To head the expedition, Jefferson chose
  Meriwether Lewis, his private secretary.
• The expeditions co-leader was William Clark.

52
Preparation for Journey

• Both Lewis Clark were scientists.
• Both conducted business in the past with Native
  Americans.
• Together they chose a crew of expert river men,
  gunsmiths, carpenters and a cook they also took
  French and Native American interpreters.

53
The Expedition Begins

• The expedition left St. Louis in the spring of
  1804 and worked its way up the Missouri River.

54
A Link to the Past?

• Lewis Clark kept a journal and made notes on
  what they saw and did.
• http//www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/index.htm
  l

55
A Guiding Light

• Along the journey the members of the expedition
  met many Native American groups.
• One young Shoshone woman named Sacagawea joined
  their group as a guide.
• Without her, Lewis Clark would not have been as
  successful.

56
A Successful Expedition

• After 4,000 miles and 18 months, Lewis and Clark
  reached the Pacific Ocean.
• They spent the winter there and then both
  explorers headed back east along separate routes.
  
• The expedition returned in September 1806.

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58
Effects of the Expedition

• Lewis and Clark collected not only valuable info
  about people, plants, animals, the geography of
  the west , but their journey inspired people to
  move westward Manifest Destiny.

59
A Growing Nation

• After the Battle of New Orleans, new inventions
  changed the way of living for many in every part
  of the nation.
• Better roads and canals waterways made by
  artificial means (via digging) helped people and
  goods move from one part of the country to
  another.

60
Transportation Communication Improve

• Roads
• Canals
• Steamships
• Railroads
• Telegraph lines
• All of these innovations helped unite the nation
  by allowing for people, goods and ideas to move
  from one part of the country to another quickly
  and easily.

61
Roads

• First roads were narrow, full of holes, and often
  muddy.
• National Road finished after the War of 1812
  western Maryland to central Illinois.
• Merchants profited from roads.
• Private individuals and companies created their
  own roads and charged tolls.

62
Canals

• Canals were dug to join lakes and rivers.
• They were also created so that individuals could
  go where no natural waterways went.
• Horses and mules walked on land and pulled canal
  boats and barges through the water.
• This transportation was very cheap.

63
The Erie Canal

• Governor of New York De Witt Clinton realized
  that this means of transportation would be cheap.
• He created the Erie Canal connected Albany with
  Buffalo, New York.
• 363 mile long canal finished in 1825 allowed
  boats to travel from NYC to the Great Lakes in
  ten days.

64
The Erie Canal
65
Critical Thinking

• Why did cities grow once canals or roads were
  built?

66

• People gravitated to roads and canals because
  they could ship goods quickly, easily and
  cheaply.
• These new inventions also moved people making
  cities desirable places to live because of their
  convenience.

67
Critical Thinking

• How did improved travel and communication help
  the nation to grow?

68
Steam Engine

• At about the time of the American Revolution
  James Watt invented a type of power that would
  replace muscle power.
• The steam engine was born made by burning wood
  or coal to heat water this made the water hot
  enough to create steam.

69
Industrial Revolution

• Steam started the machine age (Industrial
  Revolution) and was used for the following
• To turn factory machines
• To power steamboats locomotives

70
Fultons Folly

• When Robert Fulton suggested that he create a
  ship powered by steam people laughed and doubted
  him Fultons Folly (mistake)
• But Fultons Clermont managed to travel 300 miles
  in just over 60 hours (on the Hudson River)

71
Hudson River
Fultons Steamboat
72
The Railroad

• Soon steam would replace the stagecoaches with
  railroads.
• The first locomotive burned wood and was just a
  steam engine on wheels Tom Thumb.
• By 1850 trains had about 9,000 miles of track and
  was increasing annually.

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http//www.geocities.com/syossetstation/
Look Familiar?
74
Railroad Advantages

• Trains were able to carry heavier loads
• Travel by rail was faster than travel by road or
  water
• Railroads could be built to go anywhere
• Railroads moved people and goods quickly and
  cheaply to the cities making life more profitable
  for those who lived near to railroads.

75
Improving Communication

• Samuel Morse created the telegraph.
• A 40 mile wire extended from Baltimore, Maryland
  and Washington D.C.
• The message could be received in seconds.
• Sending communication via telegraph was done
  using Morse code a system using dots and dashes
  to represent letters.

76
Illustration of Telegraph individual is using
the Morse Code to send a message.
77
The Cotton Kingdom

• Southern plantation owners needed large patches
  of land because their one-crop farming wore out
  the land so rapidly.
• Tobacco
• Cotton harder to prepare and sell.

78

• How did the Cotton Gin revolutionize plantation
  life?

79
Manufacturing in North

• While the South depended more and more on farming
  and cotton growing, the North farmed less.
• North became a trading and manufacturing area.

80
Northern Economy

• Northerners made a living fishing and whaling
  (oil from the whale was used as fuel for lamps)
• Prosperous shipping industry/port cities
• Clipper ships
• Steam ships
• Samuel Slater spinning machine

81
Textile Mills/Iron Industries

• Beginning of New England manufacturing.
• Rivers provided power for new factories.
• Created jobs clothing, shoe-making, iron
  industries.

82
Critical Thinking

• Southerners often said Northern factory workers
  were worse off than slaves. Give some reasons
  why this statement was true. Why were the factory
  workers better off than slaves?

83
Working Conditions in North

• Workers poorly paid
• Factories experienced extremes cold in winter,
  hot in summer.
• Women and children worked long hours.
• Men worked 12 hours a day for 5 a week (women
  2, children 1).

84
Working Conditions in South

• Rich planters ran the government passing laws
  to help slave owners.
• Many slaves worked as cooks/servants,
  blacksmiths, carpenters and other special workers
  on the plantation.
• Most were field hands who worked from dawn to
  dusk.
• Lived in one-room cabin with very little heat.
• Not paid brutal forced labor.

85
Impact

• South

• North

• As people left farms to work in factories cities
  grew.
• People became specialized.
• Became more industrial with railroads, shipping
  and factories.
• North wanted to place high taxes on English goods.

• Remained a farming region.
• Slaves were necessary to life in the South.
• Wanted to sell their cotton to England and buy
  things in return without a high tax.

86
Trail of Tears

• Beginning in the early 1800s during Jacksons
  presidency Native Americans were moved from their
  homelands to areas west of the Mississippi River.

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Trail of Tears due to Indian Removal Act