Chapter Fourteen: The Civil War

1
Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e
Chapter Fourteen The Civil War
2
Sectionalism

• South Carolina voted Dec 1860 to secede, by time
  Lincoln came to office six more states
  (Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
  Louisiana, TX) seceded
• Seceded states formed Confederate States of
  America Feb1861. These states started seizing
  federal property but at first lacked power to
  seize the military instillations at Fort Sumter,
  SC and For Pickens, FL

3
The Secession Crisis

• The Withdrawal of the South
• Establishment of the Confederacy

The Process of Secession
4
Crittenden CompromiseA Last Ditch Appeal to
Sanity
Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)
5
The Secession Crisis

• The Failure of Compromise
• Crittenden Compromise
• Compromise proposed by Sen John Crittenden of KY
  proposed constitutional amdts w/ permanent
  slavery in slave states, fugitive slave returned.
  At heart was plan to reinstitute Missouri
  Compromise Line for western lands
• Repubs rejected compromise. Lincoln came to
  office, stated Union older than Const therefore
  no state could leave it, supporting secession
  insurrection

Civil War-Era Washington (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
6

• Lincoln referred to the war as a domestic
  insurrection. Why?

7
The Secession Crisis

• Fort Sumter -The War Begins

Fort Sumter, SC (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
8
War Begins

• Forces in fort running out of supplies, Lincoln
  informed SC govt that supply ships were being
  sent. South feared looking weak, ordered General
  PGT Beauregard to capture fort. Bombarded April
  12-12,1861. Fort surrendered
• After defeat of fort Lincoln began mobilizing for
  war, but 4 more slave states also seceded- VA,
  Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina. Other 4
  slave states remained in Union- MD, Delaware, KY,
  Missouri)
• Ppl in NS had come to believe two distinct and
  incompatible civilizations had developed in US,
  both incapable of living together in peace

9
The Secession Crisis

• The Withdrawal of the South
• Establishment of the Confederacy

The Process of Secession
10
Fort Sumter April 12, 1861
11
Union Advantages

• North held all the important material advantages-
  N had more than double the population (manpower
  for army and work force) advanced industrial
  system to manufacture war material (S had to rely
  on Eur imports), N had better transportation
  systems more railroads

12
Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
13
Slave/Free States Population, 1861
14
Soldiers Occupations North/South Combined
15
The Secession Crisis

• Opposing Sides
• Southern Advantages
• Advantages tempered b/c at first South fighting
  defensive war on own land w/ strong support of
  population. N more divided and support shaky
  throughout

A Letter From the Front, Charles Wellington Reed
(Library of Congress)
16
The Mobilization of the North

• Economic Measures
• W/o Southern forces in Congress it enacted
  nationalistic program to promote econ
  development- Homestead Act of 1862 gave public
  land to settlers for small fee, Morrill Land
  Grant Act gave land to state govts to sell for
  for public education. High tariffs passed- boom
  to domestic industries, protect from foreign
  producers

17
The Mobilization of the North

• Economic Measures
• To build transcontinental RR created the Union
  Pacific RR Company to build westward from Omaha
  Central Pacific to build east from CA

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Railroad Lines, 1860
19
The Mobilization of the North

• Economic Measures
• National Bank Acts of 1863-1864 created new bank
  system- banks could join if they invested in
  govt, in turn could issue US Treasure notes as
  currency
• Govt financed war thru taxes, paper currency, and
  borrowing. 1861 first ever income tax levied,
  govt greenbacks (paper money) issued (not on
  gold or silver standard), but mostly thru bonds
  sold to individuals and larger financial bodies

20
The Mobilization of the North

• Raising the Union Armies
• Conscription
• To increase army Congress authorized enlisting
  500,000 volunteers- produced adequate forces only
  briefly. By 3/1863 govt had to pass national
  draft law (but ppl could avoid service by hiring
  someone in his place or paying )
• Ppl were accustomed to remote, inactive natl
  govt so conscription had widespread opposition-
  mainly from laborers, immigrants, Peace
  Democrats

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Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
22
Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC
23
Recruiting Blacks in NYC
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African-American Recruiting Poster
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NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
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Immigrantsas a of a StatesPopulationin1860
27
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
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The Mobilization of the North

• Wartime Politics
• Lincoln moved to assert his authority- apptd
  cabinet representing every faction of Repub
  party, used war powers of president and
  disregarded parts of Const- e.x. never asking
  Congress for declaration of war (believed
  declaration would recognize Confederacy as an
  independent nation)
• Lincolns greatest problem was popular opposition
  to war mobilized by parts of Democratic Party
  (Peace Democrats Copperheads) who feared
  agricultural Northwest losing influence to
  Industrial NE Republican Nationalism eroding
  states rights

29
The Mobilization of the North

• Wartime Politics
• Lincoln suppressed opposition by
• ordering military arrests of civilian dissenters
• suspending habeas corpus
• stating all ppl who discouraged enlistment or
  disloyal practices subject to martial law
• Lincoln defied Supreme Court when ordered to
  release secession leader (Ex parte Merryman),
  military courts declared unconst after war (Ex
  parte Milligan)

30
The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederate Government
• Confederate const similar to US Const but
  acknowledged sovereignty of individual states,
  sanctioned slavery and made abolition nearly
  impossible.
• Jefferson Davis of Mississippi named president,
  led like Union by moderates of new Western
  aristocracy as opposed to entrenched Eastern
  elements

Jefferson Davis (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
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The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
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The Confederate White House
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The Confederate Seal
MOTTO ? With God As Our Vindicator
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A Northern View of Jeff Davis
35
The Confederate Generals
Stonewall Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
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• The Mobilization of the South
• Money and Manpower
• To finance war South needed to create national
  revenue system in society not used to tax
  burdens.
• Small banking system,
• little liquid capital b/c of investments in land
  slaves.
• Govt requested funds from state govts who issued
  questionable bonds
• 1863 Income tax created but raised little
  revenue, borrowing from Eur and bonds to citizens
  unsuccessful.
• Turned to issuing paper money but created
  inflation of over 9,000 vs Norths 80, no
  uniform currency

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Inflation in the South
38
The Mobilization of the South

• Money and Manpower
• To raise military called for volunteers
• Eventual decline in enlistment led to April 1862
  Conscription Act. But with such widespread
  opposition repealed in 1863. Also one white man
  exempt with 20 or more slaves
• Its a rich mans war but a poor mans fight
• N capture of Confederate lands led to loss of
  source for manpower,
• Desperate move 1864 shortage so desperate draft
  widened (17-50) but still ineffective

39
The Mobilization of the South

• States Rights versus Centralization
• States rights supporters obstructed war effort
  by limiting Davis ability to declare martial law
  and obstructed conscription
• Confed did centralize power in S- bureaucracy
  larger than that of Washington, impressed slaves
  to work for military, regulated industry profits

40
The Mobilization of the South

• Economic and Social Effects of the War
• War devastating on S economy- cut off planters
  from markets in S, overseas cotton sales more
  difficult, industries w/o large slave forces
  suffered (robbed of male labor). Production
  declined by 1/3, fighting on S land destroyed
  RRs, farmland
• N naval blockade led to shortages of everything-
  agriculture had focused on cotton and not enough
  food to meet needs, few doctors b/c of
  conscription

41
The Mobilization of the South

• Economic and Social Effects of the War
• Like in N, w/ men leaving farms to fight the role
  of women changed- led slaves and family, became
  nurses. Led women to question S assumption that
  females unsuited for certain activities and to be
  in public sphere. War created gender imbalance w/
  many more women, unmarried widowed sought work
• Whites feared slave revolts enforced slave
  codes severely, but many slaves tried to escape
  or resisted authority of women and boys
  overseeing plantations

42
The Mobilization of the North

• The Politics of Emancipation
• Republicans disagreed on slavery- Radicals incl.
  Sen Charles Sumner wanted to use war to abolish
  slavery, Conservatives gradual, less destructive
  process
• Lincoln cautious of emancipation but momentum
  gathered behind it- 1861 Confiscation Act freed
  all slaves used for insurrectionary purposes,
  second Confiscation Act in 1862 freed all slaves
  of ppl supporting the insurrection

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The Southern View of Emancipation
44
The Mobilization of the North

• The Politics of Emancipation
• North began to accept emancipation as central war
  aim b/c nothing less would justify sacrifices of
  struggle, Radical Repub influence on the rise
• Lincoln seized leadership of antislavery
  sentiment- Sept 1862 after success at Battle of
  Antietam issued Emancipation Proclamation freeing
  slaves in all Confederate areas (but not Union
  slave states). Established war not only to
  maintain Union but also to eliminate slavery
• 1865 Congress ratified 13th Amendment abolishing
  slavery in all parts of US

45
The Mobilization of the North
Ex-slave children freed by Lincoln's Emancipation
Proclamation line up outdoors at Freedmen's
Village, a temporary settlement at Alexandria,
Virginia, ca. 1863.
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

• The Politics of Emancipation
• Confiscation Acts
• Emancipation Proclamation

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Emancipation in 1863
47
TheEmancipationProclamation
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1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
49
1864 Election

• In1864 presidential election coalition formed
  btwn Repubs War Democrats in Union Party-
  nominated Lincoln. Dems nominated Gen George
  McClellan, platform for truce. N victories (e.x.
  Sept capture of Atlanta) led to Lincoln win

Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
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Presidential Election Results 1864
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1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster
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Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864
53
Strategy and Diplomacy NORTH

• The Commanders
• Most impt Union commander was commander-in-chief
  Abraham Lincoln- realized N material advantages,
  goal defeat of Confed armies,  not occupation

Abraham Lincoln visits General McClellan after
Antietam (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
54
Strategy and Diplomacy NORTH

• The Commanders
• Lincoln had trouble finding a competent chief of
  staff for war- Gen Winifield Scott, Gen George
  McCllellan, Gen Henry Halleck. Finally found
  commander in Gen Ulysses S. Grant- goal to target
  enemy army resources, not territory

Abraham Lincoln visits General McClellan after
Antietam (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
55
McClellan I Can Do It All!
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Strategy and Diplomacy SOUTH

• The Commanders
• Southern command centered on Pres Davis, 1862
  named Gen Robert E. Lee principal military
  adviser (w/ Lee in field Davis controlled
  strategy). 1864 Gen Braxton Bragg named military
  adviser, later 1865 Confed Congress created
  position of general in chief, Davis named Lee,
  but Davis still decider
• Most commanders from both N S had attended one
  of the US service academies- US Military Academy
  at West Point, US Naval Acad at Annapolis

Robert E. Lee (Portrait Gallery)
57
Lincolns Generals
Winfield Scott
Joseph Hooker
Ulysses S. Grant
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan,Again!
58
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The Commanders
• Successful generals were those that could see
  past their classic training and envision new
  warfare in which destruction of resources was
  important in battlefield tactics
• Lincoln and Grant scrutinized by Congress
  Committee on the Conduct of the War chaired by OH
  Sen Benjamin Wade - complained of lack of
  ruthlessness by of N generals

59
The Role of Sea Power

• Union had overwhelming naval advantage-
• 1. used to enforce blockade of S coast
• 2. assisted Union army in field operations
  especially on large rivers
• Blockade prevented most ships out of Confed
  ports. Confederates tried to break blockade w/
  new weapons such as the ironclad warship the
  Merrimac, which the Union stopped with one of
  their ironclads the Monitor

Gunboats and the CSS (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
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Overviewofthe NorthsCivil WarStrategy Anaco
ndaPlan
61
The Anaconda Plan
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The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862
The Monitor vs.the Merrimac
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Chapter Fourteen The Civil War
USS Monitor (Library of Congress)
64
Damage on the Deck of the Monitor
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Strategy and Diplomacy

• Europe and the Disunited States
• Judith P Benjamin was Confed secretary of state,
  counterpart in Washington was the great William
  Seward (Charles Adams as Am. Admin to London
• At start of war ruling classes of England
  France sympathetic to Confed b/c
• 1. imported cotton for textile industries from S
• 2. wanted to see a weaker US
• 3. admired aristocratic social order of S.
• France waited to take sides until England did,
  English didnt act b/c of popular support of ppl
  for the Union and S will probably lose.

66
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Europe and the Disunited States
• S countered w/ King Cotton diplomacy arguing S
  cotton vital for these nations textile
  industries. 1861 Surpluses in these nations
  allowed S to be ignored, later imports from mills
  from Egypt and India
• No Eur nation diplomatically recognized Confed,
  no nation wanted to antagonize US unless Confed
  seemed likely to win- never reached that point
• Still, there was tension btwn US and GB France
  b/c these nations had declared neutrality. Also
  1861 Trent affair over arrest of Confed diplomats
  aboard English steamer from Cuba, later crisis
  over sale of Brit ships to S

67
The American West and the War

• Most states and territories of West remained
  loyal to Union except TX, although Southerners
  and S sympathizers active in organizing
  opposition
• Fighting occurred btwn Unionists and
  secessionists in Kansas and Missouri. Confed
  William Quantrill led guerilla fighters vs. Union
  Jayhawkers in KS led by son of John Brown and bro
  to Susan B. Anthony
• Confed tried to ally w/ Five Civilized Tribes in
  Indian territory to recruit support against
  Union, Indians divided. Never formally allied w/
  either side

68

• The Course of Battle
• High Casualties 618,000 died
• 115,000 WWI
• 318,000 WWII

Dead Union Soldiers at Antietam, 1862 (Library
of Congress)
69
The Technology of Battle

• Battlefield of Civil War reflected changes in
  tech that transformed combat
• Both sides began to use repeating weapons- Samuel
  Colts 1835 repeating revolver, Oliver
  Winchesters 1660 rifle. Also, improved artillery
  cannon with iron and steel improvements
• Changes in weapons effectiveness led soldiers to
  change from infantry lines firing volleys to use
  of no fighting formations but use of cover,
  fortifications, trenches. Observation balloons,
  ironclad ships also appeared during war
• Railroad impt in war where millions of soldiers
  mobilized tons of supplies. Allowed large
  armies to assemble and move, but forced to
  protect stationary lines. Telegraph limited but
  allowed commanders

70
The Opening Clashes, 1861

• First Battle of Bull Run
• First major battle of war occurred in northern VA
  btwn
• Union Gen Irvin McDowell (Wash)
• Confed Gen PGT Beauregard (Manassas
• Clashed _at_Bull Run
• Confeds were able to stop the attack of the Union
  who broke ranks and retreated to Washington
• Very chaotic retreat on both sides complicated by
  onlookers from Wash. picnicing on hilltop
• Confed did not pursue
• Dispelled illusion of quick war

The battlefield at Bull Run, 1861 (Library of
Congress)
71
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861
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Bull Run
Prisoners under Guard
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
73
West Virginia

• 1863 Gen. George McClellan moved east from Ohio
  to western Virginia
• He liberated anti-secessionists mountain people
  from Sslave state Virginia
• area admitted to Union as West Virginia 1863

74
NEW ORLEANS
The War in the West, 1861-1863

• Stalemate in East led to 1862 military operations
  in West.
• Union trying to control southern part of MS River
  in order to divide Conf and give N easy transport
  to S
• Union advanced from both N (down river from KY)
  and N (upriver from Gulf) toward N.O.

75
NEW ORLEANS
The War in the West, 1861-1863

• Union commander David Farragut gathered in Gulf
  smashing past small confed forts near mouth and
  entered N.O. which was defenseless because Confed
  expected an attack from N
• April 1862 Union forced surrender of New Orleans,
  closed Mississippi R to Confed trade and took
  away Souths largest city and most impt banking
  center

76
The Western Theater

• Gen Ulysses S. Grant captured forts under command
  of Confed Gen Albert Johnston. In doing so Grant
  forced Confed out of Kentucky and Tennessee
• Grant then marched south, fought forced of Gen
  Sidney and Gen Beauregard at Battle of Shiloh
  April 1862. Narrow Union victory allowed capture
  of several impt railroad lines vital to the
  Confederacy

Ulysses S. Grant (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
77
The Virginia Front, 1862

• George McClellan
• Union operations 1862 directed by Gen McClellan
  (commander of the Army of the Potomac), he was
  controversial b/c often reluctant to put troops
  in battle
• McClellan planned Peninsular Campaign- use navy
  to transport troops, attack Confed capital at
  Richmond from behind. Gen McDowell left to defend
  D.C.

George McClellan (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
78
The Virginia Front, 1862

• Then Confed Gen Thomas Stonewall Jackson looked
  as if planning to cross Potomac to Washington,
  defeated Union forces in Valley campaign,
  withdrew
• Meanwhile, McClellan battled and defeated Confed
  Gen Joseph Johnston at Battle of Fair Oaks.
  Johnston replaced by Gen Robert E. Lee who
  battled McClellan at Battle of the Seven Days.
  Union able to advance near Richmond
• When McClellan delayed attack Lincoln ordered him
  to move to northern VA to forces under Gen John
  Pope. But as Army of Potomac moved Lee attacked
  Pope with his Army of Northern Virginia at 2nd

George McClellan (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
79
The Virginia Front
The Virginia Theater, 1861-1863
80
The Virginia Front, 1862

• Lincoln replaced Pope and McClellan led all
  forces. Lee planned offensive, resulted in Battle
  of Antietam Creek-
• bloodiest single-day of war w/ 6,000 dead
  17,000 injured.
• Confed withdrew but McClellan could have defeated
  Lee w/ last assault.
• Lincoln relieved McClellan from command in
  November, his replacement Gen Ambrose Burnside
  relieved in December after failures

George McClellan (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
81
War in the East 1861-1862
82
Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the
War
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
83
1863 Year of Decision

• Battle of Chancellorsville
• New commander of Army of the Potomac Gen Joseph
  Hooker attacked by Lee Jackson at Battle of
  Chancellorsville, barely able to escape w/ army
• While Union frustrated in East won impt victories
  in the West
• In July besieged Confed stronghold at Vicksburg,
  MI surrendered to Grant
• Union now controlled entire Mississippi R,
  Confederacy split in two- Louisiana, Arkansas,
  Texas cut off from other seceded states

84
1863 Year of Decision

• To divert Union forces away from MS and Vicksburg
  and to gain major victory on N soil to get
  English and French aid, Lee proposed PA invasion
• New Army of the Potomac commander Gen George
  Meade battled Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg
  July 1-3. Meade defeated Lee w/ surrender on July
  4, same day as Vicksburg defeat
• Weakened Confed forced
• now unable to seriously
• threaten N territory

85
The War in the West, 1863 Vicksburg
86
1863 Year of Decision

• In September Gen Braxton Braggfought Union army
  under William Rosecrans, Union defeated at Battle
  of Chickamauga
• Bragg then fought remaining Union forces at
  Battle of Chattanooga (Tennessee) in November.
  Grant reinforced the Union army, Union won and
  occupied most of eastern TN and controlled
  important Tennessee River
• Confed could not only hope to
• win independence thru holding on
• and exhausting N will to fight,
• not thru decisive military victory

A Cannon overlooks Chattanooga
(C. Borland/ PhotoLink/ Getty Images)
87
The Road to Gettysburg 1863
88
Gettysburg Casualties
89
The Progress of War 1861-1865
90
The Last Stage, 1864-1865

• Grants Strategy
• Beginning 1864 Grant named general-in-chief of
  all Union armies. Planned two offensives use
  Army of Potomac in VA to fight Lee near Richmond,
  and use western army under Gen William Sherman to
  advance toward Atlanta

Virginia Campaigns, 1864-1865
91
The Last Stage, 1864-1865

• Grants Overland campaign in VA led Lee to win
  three battles (Battle of the Wilderness, Battle
  of Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle of Cold
  Harbor)
• Grant then decided to bypass Richmond to railroad
  center at Petersburg- strong defenses and
  reinforcement by Lee led to 9-month siege

Virginia Campaigns, 1864-1865
92
The Last Stage, 1864-1865

• In Georgia Gen Sherman fought Gen Johnston and
  his replacement Gen Hood, took Atlanta in Sept-
  electrified N united Repub Party behind Lincoln
• Sherman defeated Confed at Battle of Nashville,
  while beginning his March to the Sea- sought to
  deprive Confed army of war materials and railroad
  but also break will of Southern ppl by burning
  towns and plantations along route
• Sherman captured Savannah, GA in Dec, turned
  north thru SC and NC

Union Troops at rest, 1864 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
93
The Progress of War 1861-1865
94
ShermansMarchto theSeathroughGeorgia,1864
95
The Last Stage, 1864-1865

• April 1865 Grants Army of the Potomac captured
  vital railroad juncture in Petersburg. W/o rail
  access to South and cut off rom other Confed
  forces Lee no longer able to defend Richmond
• Lee attempted to move army around Union in hope
  of meeting forces with Gen Johnston in North
  Carolina, but Union blocked and pursued him

Shermans March to the Sea, 1864-1865
96
The Last Stage, 1864-1865

• Realizing more bloodshed was futile Lee met w/
  Grant in town of Appomattox Courthouse, VA-
  surrendered there on April 9
• Nine days later Gen Johnston surrendered to
  Sherman in North Carolina
• In military war was effectively over even though
  Jefferson Davis refused to accept defeat. He fled
  Richmond but was captured in Georgia

The McLean House in Appomattox Courthouse
(Royalty-Free / CORBIS)
97
Surrender at AppomattoxApril 9, 1865
98
Casualties on Both Sides
99
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
100
Chapter Fourteen The Civil War

• Conclusion
• Impact of the Norths Victory

New Yorks 7th Regiment on Parade (Seventh
Regiment Armory, NYC)
101
Chapter Fourteen The Civil War

• The Secession Crisis
• Southern Nationalism

Picketts Charge at Gettysburg (The Palma
Collection / Getty Images )