Folie 1

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http//www.map.uni-muenchen.de/

• introduction
• multi-interdisciplinary science
• small science big science
• indications of excellence
• - world leadership in key technologies
• - pioneering contributions to photonics
• research areas
• photon particle beams
• fundamental interactions
• quantum engineering
• structure dynamics of matter
• advanced photonics for medicine

aims visions
2
proprietary MAP technology femtosecond
frequency comb
Tisapphire
pump laser
E(?)
enables synthesis of optical
frequencies over a wide spectral
range generation of ultrashort pulses with
reproducible waveform
f0
fr
fc
frequency
nfrf0
2nfrf0
2
2(nfrf0)
E(t)
??
2??
beat frequency f0
time
US patent No 6,785,303 EP No 1,161,782
3
pushing the limits of frequency and time
metrology
extension of the frequency comb to shorter
wavelengths
mode-locked Tisapphire laser
aim high-resolution
spectroscopy of He
vision development of
an xuv/x-ray atomic clock
4
evolution of metrology
frequency domain
time domain
10-4
10-6
10-5
10-7
nano- second
nano- second
10-6
10-8
10-7
10-9
laser spectroscopy
pico- second
10-10
10-8
pico- second
electronics
time resolution (seconds)
relative accuracy
10-9
10-11
transistor
laser
10-10
10-12
frequency measurements
10-11
10-13
optics
femto- second
10-12
10-14
attophysics
10-13
10-15
femtochemistry
atto- second
10-14
10-16
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1950
1940
1920
1940
1960
2010
1980
2000
year
year
xuv/x-ray frequency comb
attosecond x-ray pulses
pushing the frontiers with shorter-wavelength
light
5

• introduction
• indications of excellence
• research areas
• photon particle beams
• fundamental interactions
• quantum engineering
• structure dynamics of matter
• advanced photonics for medicine
• MAPs added values

aims visions

6
Attosecond streak camera
electron detector
attosecond pulses
EL(t)
attosecond streak camera
xuv pulse
electrons
trajectory x(t) of the electron ripped off by
the laser field
field-induced change of electron momentum, p(t)
EL(t)
atoms
h?x
ionization threshold
attosecond metrology at work sampling light waves
EL(t)
light electric field 107 V/cm
electron kinetic energy eV
delay fs
enables direct time-domain access to electronic
dynamics in matter
7
synthesized few-cycle waves synchronized sub-fs
xuv pulses
?x lt 170 as _at_ 93 eV
waveform synchronism stable for hours
8
Controlling and probing microscopic
dynamicsultimate control with synthesized light
fields?
10 eV
1 eV
phase
p
photon energy
-p
light electric field
time fs
aim controlling light fields on
the atomic time scale
vision steering the atomic-scale motion of
electrons ions with synthesized light forces
9
evolution of laser power

• PFS (Petawatt Field Synthesizer)
• controlled few-cycle light with
• unprecedented field strength
• petawatt peak power at unprecedented
• (10 Hz) repetition rate
• commissioning 2009
• ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure)
• the worlds first exawatt-scale light source
• based on hybrid few-cycle
• LASER OPA CPA technology
• included in the ESFRI) roadmap for
• large-scale infrastructures
• coordinators
• G. Mourou (Paris), F. Krausz (Munich)
• 1 EW / 0.03 Hz 1 PW / 1 kHz
• planned commissioning before 2015

W/cm2 W
L
1025 1019
P
1 EW
1 PW
1020 1014
1 TW
Amsterdam, Garching (OPCPA)
laser amplification
L
laser intensity / power
1015 109
few-cycle optical parametric amplification (OPA)
laser intensity I W/cm² / power W
1010 104
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
year
CPA chirped pulse amplification
intensity reduction
safe amplification
temporal recompression
ultrashort pulse generation
) European Strategy Forum for Research
Infrastructures
10
Laser amplifier vs. OPA (optical parametric
amplification)
Conventional laser amplifier
OPA
heat
Energy storage medium, easy pumping heat
generation bandwidth limited by level structure
no heat load broad and engineerable
bandwidth exact synchronization needed
11
pushing the frontiers of x-ray and high-field
science
Petawatt Field Synthesizer (PFS)? _at_ MAP
primary pump source
laser diode stack 54 from socket to laser light
10 m

• aim (PFS) t lt 5 fs
• P gt 0.5 PW
• l 1.2 mm
• f 10 Hz

vision (ELI) t lt 10 fs P gt 500 PW l 0.8
mm f 0.03 Hz
? funded by the Max Planck Society
12
Laser ion acceleration
Foil vers. microspheres

• Advantages
• ATLAS 6 µm foil -gt 5 MeV protons
• 6 µm sphere -gt 30 MeV protons?
• VULCAN PW laser -gt 250 MeV?
• Mono-energetic due to small target size?
• Trident -gt 2 GeV carbons
• with very thin carbon foils and very high
  contrast

• Aim
• Production of mono-energetic high energy ion
  bunches with high repetition rate
• 3D PIC-simulations of ion acceleration from
  microspheres are carried out in cooperation
  with Michael Geissler (Queens University,
  Belfast)

J. Schreiber et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006)
045005
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Preliminary results with reconstructed chamber
upgraded ATLAS facility 700mJ (on target) in 45fs
first acceleration results from 5µm Al foil
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Quasi-monochromatic electron beams
quasi-monochromatic electron beams 50200 MeV,
very good longitudinal and transverse
emittance 10 fs bunches with density 106
classical density
J. Faure et al, Nature 431 (2004) 541
15
Bubble acceleration of electrons
Theory A. Pukhov, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn Appl. Phys.
B 74 (2002) 355 Electrons are pushed
sidewards, pulled back by cloud of positive ions
lp reinjected by wave-breaking stem of
electrons soliton-like cloud structure transvers
e oscillating electric laser field rectified into
stationary longitudinal ion field
Result unexpected for published laser
pulses Self focusing, self shortening
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Laser capillary acceleration
H plasma channel (1.00.8)1018 cm-3

• bubble acceleration, nonlinear wave breaking
• injection of electrons
• linear wave breaking acceleration in plasma
  channel
• mode guiding of laser

Laser
electron bunch
bubble acceleration
linear wakefield acceleration
No focusing behind spectrometer!
linac
injector
W.P. Leemans et al., Nature Physics 2 (2006)
696 40 TW, 40 fs up to 1.2 GeV, 350 pC, ?E/E lt
2.5, prob. 0.2 probably en 1p mm mrad ?? lt
1.6 mrad
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Laser capillary acceleration at MPQ, Garching
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Laser capillary acceleration at MPQ, Garching
Lanex screen behind electron spectrometer
only 0.3 mrad RMS divergence !!
y (pixel)
x (pixel)
Plane of dispersion
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Laser capillary acceleration at MPQ, Garching
20
Table-top X-FEL
F. Grüner, Appl. Phys. B 86 (2007) 431
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Table-Top X-FEL
coherentemission
incoherentemission
FEL
stimulated emission
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
incoming wave
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
undulator
incoming electrons

• SASE Self-Amplification of Spontaneous
  Emission
• thus, no seeding field required ? XFEL realizable

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Table-top FEL with laser accelerated e- beam
SASE-FEL Self-Amplification of Spontaneous
Emission spontaneous undulator radiation acts
back on electrons micro-bunching
coherent emission
emission wavelength of FEL gain length (ideal)
of FEL Pierce parameter Gain length (real)
of FEL Main advantage of laser-accelerated
electron beam 100 kA (classical max 1 kA)
? larger Pierce parameter Saturation
power Same output power ? smaller undulator
parameter ?u Same emission wavelength ?
smaller electron beam energy (?)
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Table-top X-FEL
We have 20 x smaller electron beam energy and
reduced requirements on beam quality ? Maximum
Energy Egmax limited by quantum
fluctuations Egmax(DESY) ? 15 keV ?
Egmax(TT-XFEL) ? 10 MeV
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Table-top FEL with laser accelerated e- beam
Miniaturized magnetic lens
Short period undulator
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Undulator radiation from MAMI with 855-MeV
electrons
Horizontal spectrum
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TT-XFEL _at_ MAP may become the worlds first x-ray
laser
fitting into university laboratories and hospitals
with several unique features

• few-femtosecond pulses ? ideally suited to
  single molecule imaging
• (conv. FELs designed for 100 fs)
• synchronism with laser ? pump-probe
  experiments, 4D imaging
• scalable to MeV energies ? brilliant neutron
  beam via (?,n)-reaction
• (conv. FELs limited to 15 keV) 108
  times more brilliant neutron beams
• cost-effective ? lt 15 million euros (incl.
  driver laser)

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• introduction
• indications of excellence
• research areas
• photon particle beams
• fundamental interactions
• quantum engineering
• structure dynamics of matter
• advanced photonics for medicine
• MAPs added values

aims visions

28
Structure of the Quantum Vacuum
Vacuum
no particles (in inertial frames)
lowest possible energy state in universe ?
empty space
Vacuum fluctuations atomic physics
well-understood particle physics ltqqgt
1.5 fm-3 10 x nucleon
density (rnucl 0.16 fm-3) !
Energy density of the vacuum observed
(gravitation) 5
GeV/m3 theory microscopic (Planck
scale) 10124 GeV/m3
macroscopic (Hubble scale) 10-121 GeV/m3
Most embarrassing problem of contemporary
theoretical physics (G. Fraser/CERN)
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The Unruh Effect

• ? W. Unruh (1976)
• - empty vacuum of an inertial observer
  looks for an accelerating
• observer like a state with many
  particles and a temperature
• - accelerating observer/detector
  experiences the vacuum as a
• thermal bath with a equilibrium
  temperature TU
• Unruh temperature TU

- effect so far unobserved
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Analogon Hawking Radiation
a Black Hole is not black
in very strong gravitational field of black hole
(mass M) quantum fluctuations result in thermal
radiation with temperature TH
(g surface gravity)
Hawking temperature TH
5 Msol TH 8.10-8 K
Event horizon
? Schwarzschild radius
? no light can escape from within Rsch
- photon pairs involved 1 photon falls into
black hole, other is emitted
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Experimental Signature for Unruh Radiation
replace accelerated detector by accelerated
scatterer
TUnruh
thermal bath
scatterer
translation back to inertial frame
accelerated scatterer
a
conversion of (virtual) quantum vacuum
fluctuations into real photon pairs by
non-inertial scattering
event horizon dc2/a - beyond d light
cannot catch up with particle
- observer cannot see complete
space time
32
Realization of Ultra-High Fields
I E a
TUnruh

1023 W/cm2 1015 V/m 2.1025 g 80 eV

focused laser
5.1029 W/cm2 1.3.1018 V/m 2.1028 g 80 keV
Schwinger field
coherent harmonic focusing
170 MeV quark-gluon phase transition
2.1036 W/cm2 3.1021 V/m 4.1031 g 160 MeV
Lorentz boost e- beam (g2.103 1 GeV) I0.g2
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Experimental Setup for Pair Creation
coherent harmonic focus
petawatt- laser beam (1/2)
petawatt- laser beam (1/2)
e (p,m)
target
B
e- beam (GeV)
capillary (gas-filled)
mirror
e-
e- (p-,m-)
E 103 ES

• Observables
• e - e- pairs of QED
• p - p- pairs of QCD are predicted vacuum
  eigen-modes excited ?

34
Experimental Setup for Unruh Photons
PFS pump laser
(TW) laser beam
B
Compton spectro- meter (0.3 MeV)
e- beam (200 MeV)
capillary (gas-filled)
mirror
e-
E 0.3 ES

• Observables
• energy and angular distribution for Unruh
  photons
• polarization of (Compton-scattered) Unruh
  photons
• background suppression collimation to blind
  spot of radiation from
• 
  classical acceleration

predictions of production rates within non-linear
QED 2 MAP publications
35
Hard X-ray Compton polarimeter
2D segmented planar Ge-detector - 64 x 64 strips
angular distribution
- 210 keV
36
Optical Nuclear Transition in 229Th

• Isotope with lowest excited state in nuclear
  physics
• Very long-lived isomeric state (hours) compared
  to
• equivalent atomic transitions (seconds)
• Unique perspectives
• - metrology
• - time-dependence of natural constants
• - coherent excitations

229mTh transition bridge between nuclear
physics and laser physics
37
229Th isotope with unique properties
7.6(5) eV
T1/2 1h
T1/27880 a
nucleus with lowest-lying excited state in
nuclear physics
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Investigation of 229mTh
recent measurement (3.5 1.0) eV ? (7.6 0.5)
eV 163 11 nm
R. Beck et al., PRL 98 (2007) 142501
isomeric lifetime 1-5 hrs ? extremely sharp
transition
1. step measurement of DE/E to 10-5
- population via a decay from 233U - recoiling
229Th highly-charged
2. step possible laser excitation after precise
knowledge of transition energy
? metrology
detection of resonance absorption of 163 nm
photons from frequency comb
39
229mTh Perspectives
- nuclear metrology - sharp
transition qualifies as ultra-precise clock
- avoid Doppler-broadening by recoilless
Mößbauer-type absorption - absorption
cross-section at maximum (1000 Å)2 -
available 1018 229Th nuclei - coherent
excitations - de-localized
excitation of 229Th sample - multiple
excitons due to long lifetime (1011 longer than
57Fe) - directed re-emission in laser
direction - time-dependence of natural
constants - sensitivity e.g. for
fine structure constant a -
enhancement for a/a 106 - 1010
.
V.W. Flambaum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 092502
40

• introduction
• indications of excellence
• research areas
• photon particle beams
• fundamental interactions
• quantum engineering
• structure dynamics of matter
• advanced photonics for medicine

aims visions

41
carrying advanced x-ray diagnostics
from synchrotron light sources to hospitals
diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI)
detector
monochromatic x-ray beam currently from
synchrotron future from TT-XFEL
crystal analyzer acts as a narrow slit
sample
collagen strands
Ca in collagen
conventional x-rays / res. 100 mm absorption
(measured on axis)
DEI 33 keV / res. 5 mm diffraction (1 µrad off
axis)
histology / res. 1 mm
aim high-resolution in-vivo mammography with
reduced dose _at_ ESRF
vision high-resolution in-vivo mammography
with TT-XFEL in hospitals
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carrying advanced x-ray diagnostics
from synchrotron light sources to hospitals
small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS)
normal tissue contains collagen fibrils in
regular, hexagonal-like arrangement
cancer cells degrade regular structure of
collagen fibrils, making them thinner and their
axial period longer
cancerous
healthy
micro-x-ray beam
aim direct cancer diagnosis without biopsy _at_ ESRF
vision direct cancer diagnosis without
biopsy using TT-XFEL in hospitals
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reducing the cost increasing the efficiency of
ion-beam cancer therapy
6
2-field 12C ions
9-field photons
5
4
relative dose
3
2
1
0
150
0
50
100
200
250
300
depth in water mm
tumour

• excellent success rate in treatment of resistant
  tumours
• much reduced erythema (skin damage)
• merely for the treatment of highly resistant
  tumours
• 1 facility /10 million people would be required,
  
• i.e. 50 facilities in the European Union

aim verification of enhanced biological
efficiency for short-pulsed (1 ns) ion beams
vision cutting the cost by 50 with laser-driven
ion beams ? 500 facilities in Europe
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Vision for advanced cancer diagnosis therapy
multi-purpose PFS driver
ion/proton source
TT-XFEL
advanced x-ray diagnostics (e.g. DEI) with
coherent x-rays
PET isotope production with laser accelerated ion
beams
on-line cancer diagnostics SAXS without biopsy
cancer therapy with laser-accelerated ion beams
PET positron emission tomography SAXS
small-angle x-ray scattering DEI
diffraction-enhanced imaging