The Reformation

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The Reformation

• 1517-1563

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• Reformation a movement to change religion in
  Europe
• started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he posted
  his 95 Theses
• ended with the Catholic Council of Trent in 1563

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Causes of the Reformation

• Social humanists and secularism led people to
  question the church
• Political leaders viewed the Pope as a
  foreigner who had no real authority
• Economic people become jealous of the churchs
  wealth and hated paying church taxes
• Religious the church had become corrupt

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Martin Luther

• 1483-1546
• was a monk and a teacher
• protested the selling of indulgences by the
  Catholic church
• wrote the 95 Theses to attack those who sold
  indulgences
• started the Reformation

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95 Theses
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Luthers Teachings

• People can win salvation only by faith in Gods
  forgiveness. Good works were not needed.
• All teachings of the Church should be based only
  on the Bible.
• All people of faith are equal. Priests are not
  needed to interpret the Bible.

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Reactions of the Church

• Pope Leo X excommunicated
• Luther in 1520
• Charles V Holy Roman Emperor
• issues Edict of Worms
• Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony helps Luther
  and his teachings are put into practice
• German princes support Luthers ideas

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Protestants

• German princes sign a protest against the Pope
  became known as Protestants
• Protestant - Christians who belong to
  non-Catholic churches

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Peace of Augsburg

• princes of Germany agree that each ruler would
  decide the religion of his own area
• applied to Catholics and Protestants both

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Division of the Christian Church
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(No Transcript)
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Henry VIII - England
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Henry VIII - England

• king of England in 1509
• was Catholic
• wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon due to her
  having only one female child
• Pope wouldnt allow it
• Henry started his own church that allowed divorce
• called it the Anglican Church or Church of
  England and the king was the head of the church

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Henry VIII England

• remarried Anne Boleyn she gave him another
  female child
• Henry had Anne beheaded
• Jane Seymour the 3rd wife finally produces a
  male child for Henry (named Edward)
• all of Henrys children will rule England and
  this creates religious turmoil

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Henrys Children
Mary I Bloody Mary
Edward VI king at a young age for only six years
Elizabeth I started American Colonies
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Elizabeth I - England

• restored Protestantism to England after her
  sister Mary made Catholicism the official church
  and killed Protestants
• made the Anglican Church the only legal church in
  England
• started the American colonies to make money for
  England

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Protestant Reformers

• Huldrych Zwingli attacked the Catholic church
  and wanted members to have more control over
  services
• John Calvin said men and women are sinful by
  nature, people cannot earn salvation, God has
  chosen those to save already (called the elect)
  predestination
• John Knox followed Calvins teachings but
  called church leaders presbyters (started the
  Presbyterian church) in Scotland
• Anabaptists believed that only people who were
  old enough to choose to be saved could be saved
  those baptized at birth had to be re-baptized

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Protestant Reformers
John Knox
John Calvin
Huldrych Zwingli
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Predestination

• only those chosen by God to be saved will be
  saved
• God has chosen these people already we have no
  control over it
• those who are chosen are called the elect

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Theocracy

• a government controlled by religious leaders
• rules are based on religious ideas
• usually the rules are very strict
• example Calvins followers lived in towns where
  bright clothing and games were not allowed

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Catholic Reforms

• some Catholics wanted to change the church
  practices their movement is called the Catholic
  Reformation
• Ignatius of Loyola believed daily devotions,
  prayer, and meditation cleansed the soul
  started the order of the Jesuits
• Jesuits started schools and converted people to
  Christianity

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The Inquisition

• movement by the Catholic church to hunt down and
  prosecute any Protestants for heresy
• led to chaos in the church many leaders of the
  church were put on trial as well

Ignatius of Loyola
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Council of Trent

• 1545-1563
• Catholic officials agreed to several statements
  of the church
• 1-Churchs interpretation of the Bible is final.
• 2-Christians need both faith and good works to
  get to heaven.
• 3-The Bible and the Church were equal religious
  authorities.
• 4-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith, but
  selling them falsely is wrong.

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Legacy of the Reformation

• left Europe culturally divided
• Protestant churches flourish and the Catholic
  church is more unified
• education became more important
• did not change the role of women
• Catholic church lost political power
• monarchs gain political power
• led to the Enlightenment