The Jefferson Era

1
Chapter 10

• The Jefferson Era
• 1800-1816

2
Section 1

• Jefferson Takes Office

3
The Election of 1800

• Two parties contesting the election of 1800
• Federalists w/ John Adams and Democratic
  Republicans w/ Thomas Jefferson
• Dem.- Rep. thought they were saving a nation from
  tyrants
• Federalists thought the nation was going to be
  run by radicals
• Dem.- Rep. won the election
• Jefferson with 73 votes, Adams with 65, and Aaron
  Burr, who ran Dem. Rep. had 73 as well

4
Election Map
5
Breaking the Tie

• According to the Constitution, the House of Reps
  would choose between Burr and Jefferson
• The house voted 35 times and did not come up with
  a president
• On the 36th ballot, they finally voted in
  Jefferson

6
Jefferson v. Burr
7
The Talented Jefferson

• Jefferson advised the Architects on how to build
  the capital
• He was a skilled Violinists, horseman, amateur
  scientist and a reader

Monticello
8
Jeffersons Philosophy

• Jefferson first tried to calm the nations
  political quarrels
• Promoted a common way of life
• He acted as a gentleman farmer rather than a
  privileged politician
• Refused to elevate himself because of his office

9
Undoing Federalist Programs

• Believed the federal government had too much
  power under the federalists
• During his term, sought to end many federalist
  programs
• Alien and Sedition acts ended
• Released prisoners under the act
• Ended the Whiskey Tax
• Changed the nations financial policies

10
Marshall and the Judiciary

• Jefferson had little power over the courts
• Before he was inaugurated, Adams appointed as
  many Federalist judges as possible under the
  Judiciary Act of 1801
• John Marshall was appointed Chief Justice by
  Adams
• He was Chief Justice for over 3 decades
• During this time ruled over one of the most
  important decisions of his court, Marbury v.
  Madison in 1803

11
John Marshall
12
Marbury v. Madison

• William Marbury was one of Adams appointments to
  the court
• Marbury was supposed to be installed to his
  position by Sec. of the State James Madison.
• Madison refused to give him the job
• Marbury sued and the case went to the supreme
  court
• Court ruled that the law Marbury sued under was
  Unconstitutional.

13
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury
Madison
14
Marbury v. Madison

• Although the court denied Marbury, it established
  the principle of judicial review
• States the supreme court has the final say in
  interpreting the constitution
• Jefferson and Madison were angry when the court
  seized this new law, but they couldnt fight it
  b/c the decision of Marbury v. Madison went in
  their favor
• Helped create a balance among 3 branches

15
Section 2

• The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

16
The West in 1800

• Moving west meant between the Appalachian
  mountains and the Mississippi River
• Many settlers were beginning to move west
• Political influence began to grow in this area as
  well
• As threat of closing free use to the Mississippi
  River and port came, America came to the brink of
  war.

17
Napoleon
18
Napoleon and New Orleans

• France regained control over the port of New
  Orleans after the French and Indian War
• Napoleon planned to colonize American territory
• Spain closed the port to Americans before giving
  the land up
• To Avoid war, Jefferson offered to buy the port
• France asked if they would like to purchase all
  of the Louisiana Territory

19
Louisiana Purchase
20
The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson was thrilled by Napoleons offer
• On April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was
  approved for 15 million
• About 3 cents an acre
• The purchase doubled the United States
• Reasons for selling
• Revolts in other areas or money from Americans to
  help in war with Britain

21
Lewis and Clark
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
22
Lewis and Clark Explore

• Meriwether Lewis was to lead an expedition
  exploring the territory
• Lewis turned to his old friend William Clark to
  oversee a volunteer force
• Lewis and Clark set out in 1803 and reached the
  St. Louis River by winter
• Lewis and Clark waited until March of 1804 when
  the American flag flew over St. Louis for the
  first time

23
Up the Missouri River

• 40 Explorers set out and headed up the Missouri
  River
• Instructed by Jefferson to see if there was a
  water route across the continent
• They were also told to establish good relations
  with the natives
• In Winter, Reached Mandan Indian villages in
  North Dakota
• Built a fort and spent the winter in the village

24
Up the Missouri River

• In the spring of 1805, set out again with
  Sacagawea
• Language and knowledge of geography were of great
  help to the explorers
• With her was her Husband and her son

25
On the Pacific Ocean

• On their way west, ran into the Great falls
• Series of waterfalls in Missouri
• As they approached the Rocky Mountains, Sacagawea
  pointed out her peoples land
• In November of 1805, reached the Pacific ocean
• Spent the winter on the coast before returning to
  St. Louis
• Expedition brought back a wealth of knowledge for
  the U.S. to use

26
Zebulon Pike
27
Pikes Expediton

• In 1806, Zebulon Pike left St. Louis on a
  southern route to find Arkansas and the Red
  rivers
• Looked for the Red River, found the Rocky
  Mountain peak that would be named Pikes Peak.
• Then went looking for the Red River and instead
  found the Rio Grande
• Failed at their attempt but brought back
  important information about the areas

28
Section 3

• Problems with Foreign Powers

29
Jeffersons Foreign Policy

• Jefferson wanted to seek friendship with all
  nations but not enter into alliances with them
• These desires were hard to keep b/c trade was
  going on with other countries at will
• Louisiana Purchase was going to bring Americans
  closer to other worlds
• Staying out of conflicts would be very difficult

30
Problems with France and England

• The U.S. managed to stay out of European wars
• By 1805, British began to clamp down on U.S.
  shipping
• Didnt want Americans providing enemies with
  supplies
• British put out blockades which made France do
  the same

31
Problems with France and England

• Put American Merchants in a difficult position
• Impressment, or kidnapping also happened
• Between 1803 and 1812, 6,000 American sailors
  were impressed
• In 1807, an attack on American Vessel almost put
  America into war, but Jefferson decided against
  it

32
Trade as a weapon

• Instead of War, Jefferson asked if Congress would
  stop all foreign trade
• In December, Congress passed the Embargo Act of
  1807
• Policy was a disaster b/c it affected the U.S.
  more than British or French
• The Embargo became a major issue in the election
  of 1808 in which James Madison won

33
Tecumseh
34
Tecumseh and Native American Unity

• Americans believed British were stirring up
  trouble in the Northwest Territory
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, vowed to stop the loss
  of Native American land
• Believed Natives lost their land b/c they were
  separated
• In September of 1809, William Henry Harrison,
  signed a treaty with different Chiefs
• In Nov. of 1811, Harrisons forces defeated the
  Shawnee at the battle of Tippecanoe and Tecumseh
  never recovered

35
War Hawks

• After the battle of Tippecanoe, British and
  Natives became allies
• Westerners began calling for war against Britain
• People in the west who wanted war became known as
  the War Hawks
• Urged on by the War Hawks, America went to War
  with Britain on June 18, 1812

36
Section 4

• The War of 1812

37
The War Begins

• Britain didnt want war with the U.S. b/c it was
  already in a war with France
• To avoid war, announced they wouldnt interfere
  with American Shipping
• The War of 1812 had two main phases
• From 1812-1814, Britain concentrated on France
• Second phase of the war came in 1814, after
  Britain defeated France

38
The War Begins

• The U.S. military was very weak when war was
  declared
• When the War began
• 16 Naval Ships
• Fewer than 7,000 men in the Army
• Men were poorly equipped and led by inexperienced
  officers

39
The First Phase of the War

• U.S. Navy rose up to the challenge despite its
  size
• Ships were some of the fastest in the world
• American Naval officers were experienced from
  fighting pirates in the Med. Sea
• Most important naval victory came on Lake Erie in
  the winter of 1812-1813
• Oliver Hazard Perry took charge of a small fleet
  and in 1813 forced the British surrender on Lake
  Erie

40
Oliver Hazard Perry
41
The Second Phase of the War

• With full attention on the U.S., British burned
  the capitol building and the presidents mansion
• Went to Fort McHenry to take over the fort
• Request for a large flag so that the British
  could see it
• Battle went on into the night and in the morning
  the flag stood and Francis Scott Key wrote the
  National Anthem

42
Francis Scott Key
43
The Second Phase of the War

• In the north, British sent a force from Canada
  across Lake Champlain
• Plan was to cut off New England
• Failed when British lost the Battle of Lake
  Champlain in 1814
• In the south, British moved against the port of
  New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson lead a force of Americans against
  7,500 British
• Battle was unnecessary as Treaty of Ghent had
  already been signed and ended the war on December
  24, 1814

44
Andrew Jackson
45
The Legacy of the War

• War did not declare a winner b/c no lands were
  taken and no disputes settled over shipping
• Brought about patriotism b/c of Andrew Jackson
  and Perry
• Broke the strength of Native Americans
• Interfering with trade, war caused Americans to
  make many of the things they had previously
  imported
• Encouraged U.S. manufacturing