Speech Science

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Speech Science

• Articulation II

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Review
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Jaw closers

• masseter muscle
• temporalis muscle
• medial pterygoid muscle

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Facial muscles

• express emotions
• are important articulators (lips)
• innervated by the facial nerve (N. VII)

http//www.artnatomia.net/
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Tongue

• intrinsic muscles
• muscle fibers in all directions, deformation of
  the tongue
• extrinsic muscles
• connect the tongue to surrounding bones, i.e.
  mandible, hyoid bone, styloid process

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Valves of the vocal tract

• laryngeal valve
• velopharyngeal valve
• lingual valve
• labial valve

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Resonance

• the swing is a simple resonator
• it has a natural resonant frequency
• depends on the lenth of the rope

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Resonator

• a resonator is set into vibration by another
  vibration (sound, mechanical vibration etc.)
• acoustic resonator something that contains air,
  e.g. an empty bottle
• the air in the bottle will resonate to the
  frequency of an external sound that matches the
  natural resonant frequency of the bottle

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Resonant frequency

• the natural resonant frequency depends on
• length
• shape
• whether open on one side or on both sides
• size of the opening

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Resonators in the vocal tract

• pharyngeal cavity
• oral cavity
• nasal cavity (when open)

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Harmonics
fundamental frequency F0
harmonics
composite waveform
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Source-Filter Theory

• glottal sound fundamental frequency
• the source of the final sound
• specific resonance
• the filter enhances or attenuates frequencies
• final sound at the lips
• the output

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Formants

• a formant is a peak in the frequency spectrum
• resulting from resonant frequencies

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Vowels

• vowels are characterized by their place of
  articulation
• all vowels are produced with a similar manner of
  articulation (open vocal tract)
• all vowels are voiced

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Vowels
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Classification of consonants

• place of articulation
• location of the articulators that contact each
  other to form a sound
• manner of articulation
• the specific way in which the articulators act
• voicing
• presence or absence of vibration

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Places of articulation

• bilabial
• labiodental
• interdental
• alveolar
• palatal
• velar
• uvular
• glottal

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Places of articulation
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Manners of articulation

• stops
• fricatives
• affricates
• nasals
• glides
• liquids

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Stop consonants

• stops plosives
• closing of the labial or lingual valve
• closing the velopharyngeal valve
• opening the labial or lingual valve

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Fricatives

• 2 articulators come close to each other and form
  a narrow channel
• closing of the velopharyngeal valve

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Affricates

• combination of stop and fricative, e.g. jump
• begins like a stop
• air is not released explosively, but through a
  channel, as a fricative

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Nasals

• blocking of the labial valve
• velopharyngeal valve is open
• sound waves can resonate in the nasal cavity
• places of articulation are identical for stops
  and nasals

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Glides

• tongue performs a fast, gliding movement between
  2 positions, /j/, /w/

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Liquids

• tongue forms a loose blockage of the oral cavity

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Disorders

• Disorders of the source
• structure of the vocal fold e.g. polyp
• movement disorder of the vocal folds e.g.
  Parkinsons disease
• Disorders of the filter
• disorders of tongue movement

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Dysarthria

• speech musculature is paretic or uncoordinated
• neuroanatomical substrate disorder of the first
  / second motor neuron, basal ganglia, cerebellum
• frequent causes stroke, closed head injury, ALS

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Praat
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Formant analysis