METABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE

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• METABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE
• by
• Anwar Maruf

2

• Living beings 
•  Energy 
• Metabolism 
•   Carbohydrate
  Vitamin
• Fat
  Mineral
• Protein
  Enzyme
•  

3

• Metabolism
• 1. Anabolism ? amino acid amino acid ?
  Protein
• 2. Catabolism ? Protein ? amino acid amino
  acid
• For example
• 1. Plants obtain energy from photosynthetic
  process
•  
• 
  Chlorophyll
• 6CO2 H2O Energi 6CO2
  C6H12O6
•  
• 2. Animals obtain energy from respiratory
  process
•  
• Enzyme
• C6H12O6 O2
  6CO2 6H2O Energi
• Cytoplasma
• Mitochondria

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• Gross Energy Consumption
•  
• 
  Fecal energy (20-60)
•  
• Digested Energy
• Gas (CH4) (5-12)
• Urine energy (3-5 )
• Metabolized Energy
•  
• Heat products
• - Heat from fermentation
• - Heat from dietary metabolism
• Net Energy
•  
• 1. Basic living 2. Production
• Basal Metabolism
  Growth
• Activity Fattening
• Body Heating Milk
• Action

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• THREE METABOLIC PATHWAYS
•   
• Food
• 
  Digestion
•  
• Simple Molecules
• Absorption
• Amphybolic pathway
• 
  Anabolic pathway Catabolic pathway
•  
•  
•  
•  
• Protein,
  Carbohydrate, Lipid
  CO2 H2O Energy
•  

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• CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
• Carbohydrate
•         1. Monosaccharide ? glucose,
  fructose, galactose
•         2. Disaccharide ? sucrose,
  lactose, maltose
•         3. Polysaccharide ? cellulose,
  glycogen and starch
• Herbivore carbohydrate enzyme fatty
  acid
•  
• Ruminantia Carbohydrate microorganism
  Fatty acid
•  
• Glucose Cell
• Facilitative diffusion
•  
•          Protein Carrier
•          Insulin Enhanced
•  
• Within glucose cells ? phosphorylation

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• Glucokinase
• Glucose Glucose 6 Phosphatase
• Hexokinase
• ATP
•  
• Within cell, glucose is used for
•     1. Source of energy
•     2. Stored ? Glycogen Hepatic cells (5-8 )
• - Muscular cells (1-3
•  
• Glycogenesis glycogen formation
  process

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•  
• Glycogen
• Uridine Diphosphate
  Phosphorilase
• Glucose
• 
  
  Glucose 1 Phosphate
•  
• Glukokinase
• Glucose
  Glucose 6 Phosphate
• Phosphatase
•  
• Glycolysis
•  
• 
  CELL MEMBRANE

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• Glycogenolisis - Glycogen breakdown to become
  glucose
• - Requiring phosphorylase enzyme activation
•  
• Activated
• - Epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
• - Glucagon (alpha pancreatic cells)
•  
• Glycolysis Glucose molecule breakdown into two
  pyruvic acid
• molecules

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• Glucose
•  
• 
  ATP ADP 
• Glucose 6-Phosphate
• ATP ADP 
• Fructose 1,6-Phosphate
•  
• Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
•  
•  2(Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)
•  
• 
  4H 
• 2(1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid)
•  
• 2ADP
  2ATP
•  
• 2(3-phosphoglyceric acid)
•   
• 2(2- phosphoglyceric acid)

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• Glycolysis Final Reaction
•  
• Glucose 2 ADP 2 PO4 ? 2 pyruvic acid 2 ATP
  4 H
•  
•  
• 2 pyruvic acid ? Mitochondria ? Acetyl Coenzyme A
  (Acetyl Co A)
•  
• 2 pyruvic acid 2 Coenzyme A ? Acetyl-Ko A 2
  CO2 4 H
• Acetyl-CoA ? Citric Acid Cycle
• Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Krebs Cycle
• Krebs Cycle Final Reaction
• 2 Acetyl-CoA 6 H2O 2 ADP ? 4 CO2 16 H 2
  CoA 2 ATP
• 1 Glucose Molecule 1. Aerobic ? 38 ATP
  molecules (456,000 calorie)
• 2. Anaerobic ? 2 ATP molecules

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• Anaerobic
• pyruvic acid NADH H Lactic
  Acid
• Lactate Dehydrogenase
•  
•  
• If return to aerobic
•  
• Lactic Acid ? pyruvic acid ? Krebs Cycle
•  
• Phosphogluconate Glucose breakdown from hepatic
  and lipid cells
•    If enzyme for glycolysis is abnormal ?
  glycolysis runs slowly ?
• phosphogluconate remains active
•   Final Reaction
• Glucose 12 NADP 6 H2O ? 6 CO2 12 H
  12 NADPH
•  

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• Gluconeogenesis Glucose formation dari amino
  acid
• dan glycerol
• E.g. deamination
• Cause Low blood glucose level
• Low glucose level ? corticotropin ?
• ? Thyroxine ?

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•  
• 1. Corticotropin
• Blood glucose ?
•  
• Adenohypophysis
•  
• corticotropin ?
•  
• Adrenal cortex
•  
• Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) ?
•  
• Cell Protein Mobilization
•  
• amino acid ?
•  
• Deamination ? (liver)
•  

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• 2. Thyroxine
•      Cell protein mobilization ?
• Lipid mobilization from adipose
  tissue
• anaerobic
  
• Glucose ? Glycolysis
  Lactic Acid
• Aerobic
• pyruvic acid
•  
• Acetyl Co A
•  
• Krebs Cycle
•  
• CO2 H2O ATP
•  
•  
• 1. Glycogenesis ? Glycogen (liver and
  muscle)
• 2. Fatty acid biosynthesis ribose soruce
  for creating nucleotide and nucleic acid
• 3. Triosa Phosphate

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• LIPID METABOLISM
•  
• Lipid A class of unpolar, water-insoluble
  but solvent-soluble substance, a derivate of and
  able to bind with fatty acid
•  
• Types of lipid
• 1. Fatty acid
• 2. Triacylglycerol
• 3. Phospholipid
• 4. Sphyngolipid
• 5. Steroid (cholesterol, steroid hormone
  and vitamin D)
• 6. Terpen (vitamin A, E and K)

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• Lipid Function
• 1. Fatty acid
•        Material for energy production
•   Element for other lipid formation
  (triacylglycerol, phospholipid dan
• cholesterol)
• 2. Triacylglycerol
•       Fatty acid source
•       Food Triacylglycerol ? daily fatty acid
  soruce
•     Adipose tissue triacylglycerol ? fasting
  fatty acid source
• 3. Phospholipid
•      Element of cell membrane formation
•     Lung surfactant
•      Lipid emulsifier
• 4. Cholesterol
•       Element of cell membrane formation
•      Steroid hormone precursor
• Bile acid precursor

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• Body obtains energy from lipid through the
  process of ? OXIDATION
• Location Mitochondria
• Basic substance fatty acid
•  
• 1. Fatty acid is oxidized? Acetyl-CoA
• Hydrogen ? Respiratory chain ? ATP
  (phosphorilation in
• respiratory chain, a1 )
• 2. Acetyl-CoA ? Krebs Cycle ? ATP
  (phosphorylation at substrate
• level, b1 and phosphorylation at
  respiratory chain, b2)

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• Basic principle
• fatty acid
• O2
• a. H ? Respiratory chain
• H2O
• Acetyl-CoA a1
•  
• b. ATP
•  
• Krebs Cycle b1
• b2 O2
• H Respiratory chain
• H2

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• Triacylglycerol
• (lipid)
•  
• esterification lipolysis
• Steroid
• Diet fatty acid
•  
• Steroidogenesis
• Lipogenesis ? oxidation
• cholesterol
•  
• cholesterologenesis
• Carbohydrate Acetyl-Co A
• amino acid Ketogenesis
•  
• Keton
•  
• Krebs Cycle
•  

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• METABOLISME PROTEIN
•  
• Protein polymer form of amino acid, in which
  amino acid is bound one another with peptide
  binding
• Functions
•         Biocatalisator (enzyme)
•         Tissue/organ/cell structure
•         Substance transporter in blood
•         Acid base balance
•         Body defense (antibody)
•         Hormone

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• In the body protein is always dynamic,
  continuously subjected to synthesis and
  degradation
• Nitrogen
• - Major element of protein
• - Result of protein catabolism
• - Excreted through urine, skin and
  sweat
• - Proportion of nitrogen input and
  output
• determines Total Protein Metabolism
• - Nitrogen balance
•         Positive ? growth, reconvalence,
  pregnancy
•         Negative ? hunger, illness
•         Balanced ? healthy and normal adults
•  
• Amino acid absorption ? actively

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•  
• Digestive Tract
•  
• Protein Amino acid
•  
• Blood Amino acid
•  
•  
• Body cell Amino acid
•  
• 
  Body
• 
  Protein
  
• 
  
  Organic
• Substance
•  
• Urea Amphibolic
• 
  
  Substance

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• Diet Protein
•  
• amino acid
•  
• Tissue proteiin Nitrogen derivate
• Non protein
•  
•  
• carbohydrate Acetyl Co-A
•  
• Amino nitrogen Krebs
  Cycle
• within glutamate
•  
• 2CO2

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• Amino acid catabolism
•     Much in the liver, less in kidney and none
  in skeletal
• muscle
• Origin diet and tissue protein
•  Types 1. N atom catabolism from amino
  cluster
• 2. C amino acid atom frame
  catabolism
• 1. N atom catabolism from amino cluster
• Final result
• Urea ? ureotelic organisms (mammals)
•  Uric acid ? uricotelik organisms
  (reptile birds)
•  Ammonia ? ammonotelik organisms (boned
  fish)

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• 2. C amino acid atom frame catabolism
• Altered into 7 types of amphibolic substances
  ? pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, asetoAcetyl-CoA,
  ?-ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate,
  oxaloacetate)
•    amino acid ? Degradation ? pyruvate,
  Acetyl-CoA, asetoAcetyl-CoA, ?-ketoglutarate,
  succinyl KoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate
•        Acetyl-CoA and acetoAcetyl-CoA ?
  ketogenic amino acid since it
• can be altered into ketone body/lipid
• pyruvate, ?-ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA,
  fumarate, oxaloacetate ? glycogenic amino acid as
  it can form glycogen/glucose

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• METABOLIC RATE
•  
• Metabolic Rate the rate of heat release during
  chemical reaction
• Calorie unit of energy released from diet for
  functional process of the body
• 1 calorie heat to increase the temperature of 1
  gram water as much as 1 0C
• Measurement
• 1.    Direct calorimeter
• 2.    Indirect calorimeter
• 3.    BOM calorimeter ? food

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• DIRECT CALORIMETER
• Measuring total heat released from the body
  in a certain time
• Experimental human/animals
•  
• Air-containing isolation room
•  
• No heat released
•  
• Heat from the body heating air in the room
•  
• Resulting heat is measured

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• INDIRECT CALORIMETER
•     Oxygen used ? converted as energy used
•     Total energy released per liter O2 in
  the body is averagely 4.825
• calorie
•     1 liter O2 if metabolizing
• Glucose ? 5.01 calorie
• carbohydrate ? 5.06 calorie
• lipid ? 4.70 calorie
• Protein ? 4.60 calorie
•  
•  
• Energy equivalent of O2 4.825 calorie

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• BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
• Basal condition
•        Comfortable room temperature
•        Fasting in the last 12 hours
•        Sufficient sleep
•        No hard work
•        No physical and psychological factors

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• FACTORS AFFECTING METABOLIC RATE
• 1.    Work ? increase 2000 from normal
• 2.    Energy requirements for daily activities ?
  
• energy requirement for vital activities ?
  2000 calorie
• 3.    Different type of work ? Ladder climbing
  needs
• energy 17 times than sleeping
• 4.    Specific dynamic action (SDA) protein
• ? carbohydrate and lipid metab. rate ? 4
• ? Protein metab. rate increased 30 for
  3-12 hours

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•  
• 5. Age ? children have metabolic rate 2 x
  than adults
•  
•  
•  
• BMR (K/m2/hr)
• male
• 
  Female
•  
• Age (years)
• 6.  Thyroid hormone ? Tyroxine increases
  metabolic rate of 50-100 from normal as it
  enhances chemical reactions in whole body

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• 7. Sympathetic stimulation
• ? Increasing epinephrine and nor epinephrine ?
  
• Enhancing glycogenolisis
• ? Brown fat (infants) ? no shivering in
  infants
• Thermogenesis without shivering is called
  
• Nonsevering thermogenesis.
• 8. Male Sex Hormones
• ? Increases metab. rate 10-15 than normal
• ? Female sex hormones insignificantly
  increases
• metabolic rate
• 9. Growth hormone
• ? Increases metab. Rate 15-20 than normal

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• 10. Fever
• ? Increases 120 in each body temperature
  increase
• of 10 0C
• 11. Climate
• ? Metabolic rate in tropical climate 10 -20
  lower than that in polar climate
• 12.Sleeping
• ? metabolic rate decreases 10 -15 from normal
  due to the reduction of muscular tone and the
  activity of sympatethic nerves.
• 13. Malnutrition
• ? reduces metabolic rate 20-30 from normal
•  

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• BODY TEMPERATURE
•  
•         Optimum temperature according to
  body condition
•         Body temperature
• 1.    Core temperature ? constant
• 2.    Surface temperature ?
  fluctuating
• Homeotherm (hot blooded) body
  temperature is stable,
• independent of surrounding environment
  (cat)
• Poikilotherm (cool blooded) body
  temperature varies according to the environment
  (lizards, turtles)

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•  
• Cat
• Echiona
• Body
• Temperature Lizard
•  
• Room
  temperature
•  
• Hibernation
• 1.    Homiotherm, but in cool air becomes
  poikilotherm (guinea pig)
• 2.    Animals, when air temperature unmatch
  with body temperature, will
• sleep but body temperature does not
  decrease (crocodile)

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• Heat formation
•    Body temperature is continuously formed from
  metabolic results
• and continuously released into the
  environment
•     Determining factors of heat formation
  rate
• 1.    Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) of body
  cells
• 2.    Muscular activity (shivering)
• 3.    Thyroxine
• 4.    Epinephrine, nor epinephrine
• 5.    Sympatethic stimulation
• 6.    Body temperature increase

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• Heat loss
•     Skin temperature higher than environmental
• temperature ? heatreleased by Radiation and
  Conduction
•     Skin temperature lower than environmental
• temperature ? heat enters the body by
  Radiation and
• convection
• Heat release
•      Panting (gasping)
• -         Heat loss through evaporation
• -         Animals without sweat gland
• -         Dog, horse run fast
•  

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• Body thermoregulation
• Center Hypothalamus (preoptic area)
• Body temperature increase and decrease mechanisms
• Body temperature decrease
• Vasodilatation
• Sweating
• Reduction of heat formation
• 2. Body temperature increase
• Vasoconstriction in the whole body
• Piloerection
• Heat formation increase shivering,
• sympatethic stimulation and thyroxine
  secretion

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• HEAT EXPOSED CAPABILITY
• Hewan Upper Limit
  Panting (oC)
• Lamb 32 41
• Cow 31 40
• Pig 30-32 32
• Dog 27-30 30
• Cat 32 32
• Chicken 27 38

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• COLD EFFECT
• Shivering
• Hunger
  Heat production ?
• Conscious movement
• Epinephrine nor epinephrine ?
• Vasoconstriction
• Curling up Heat Loss Reduction
• Hair standing

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• HEAT EFFECT
• Skin vasodilatation
• Sweating
  Increasing Heat Release
• Increased respiration
• Loss of appetite
• Stay quiet Decreasing
  Heat Production

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• BODY TEMPERATURES
• Animals Body temperatures (oC)
• Guinea pig 36-40.5 (37.9)
• Rabbit 8-40.1 (39.5)
• Hamster 38.4-39
• Gerbil 38.5-39.5
• Chicken 40.9-41.9
• Duck 40.9-42.0
• Dog 36.7-40.6
• Cat 37.2-39.9
• Lamb 39.2-40
• Goat 38.5-40
• Cow 38-39
• Buffalo 37.4-38.7
• Pig 39-39.5
• Monkey 38-39.5

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k
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