Introduction to Harvard Referencing

1
Introduction to Harvard Referencing

• Prepared by Denise Douglas on behalf of the SLA
  Team

2
Learning Outcomes

• Explain why referencing is necessary in academic
  work
• Explain plagiarism
• Recognise the correct order of elements within a
  range of reference list formats

• Format references as they would appear in a
  reference list for a range of sources
• Recognise correctly formatted in-text citations
• Create in-text citations for a range of sources

3
Why do we reference?

• By providing references, you
• Demonstrate the breadth of your research
• Allow the reader to consult and verify your
  sources of information
• Avoid plagiarism
• Pears and Shields, 2005, p 1

4
What is plagiarism?

• Cheating!
• Changing into your own words doesnt make it your
  own work!
• If you misrepresent the work of another as
  your own and do not acknowledge or give credit
  to the author, you are guilty of academic
  dishonesty.
• Pears and Shields, 2005, p 1

5
What should I include in a reference?

• That depends! See the table below

6
Getting it all in order - books

• Look at the reference elements below
• and put them into the correct order
• Handbook of Diabetes/ Williams, G/ Blackwell
  Publishing/ 3rd edn/ Pickup, J.C./ (2004)/ and/
  Oxford

7
Did you get it right?

• Williams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook of
• Diabetes. 3rd edn. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.
• Look closely at the punctuation and italics.
• Williams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook of
• Diabetes. 3rd edn. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.

8
Now, put the correct punctuation into the
reference below

• These are the missing punctuation marks
• . . . . , , ( )
• Seedhouse D 2004 Health Promotion Philosophy
• Prejudice and Practice 2nd edn Chichester Wiley

9
Were you correct?

• Seedhouse, D. (2004) Health Promotion
  Philosophy,
• Prejudice and Practice. 2nd edn. Chichester
  Wiley.
• Now try the practice exercises on the following
  page.

10
Write a reference for this chapter and journal
article

• For a chapter
• Wound management
• (1999)
• Foundations of Nursing Practice
• Macmillan
• Chambers, N.
• pp. 240-266
• Basingstoke
• Hogston, R. and Simpson, P.M. (eds)
• in

• For a journal article
• Nursing Standard
• Roberts, D.
• Learning experiences of seconded
  pre-registration nursing students
• 20 (36)
• (2006)
• pp. 41-45

11
Now, check your answers

• Chapter
• Chambers, N. (1999) Wound management, in
  Hogston, R.
• and Simpson, P.M. (eds) Foundations of Nursing
  Practice.
• Basingstoke Macmillan, pp. 240-266.
• Journal article
• Roberts, D. (2006) Learning experiences of
  seconded pre-
• registration nursing students, Nursing Standard,
  20 (36),
• pp. 41-45.

12
Write a reference for this official document and
internet site

• Document
• Comprehensive Critical Care a review of adult
  Critical Care services
• Department of Health
• (2000)
• London
• Department of Health Publications

• Internet site
• www.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/basic01.htm
• (2005)
• Action on Smoking and Health
• (Accessed 5 June 2006)
• Available at
• Basic Facts One Smoking Statistics

13
Now check your answers

• Official Document
• Department of Health. (2000) Comprehensive
  Critical Care a
• review of adult Critical Care services. London
  Department of
• Health Publications.
• Internet site
• Action on Smoking and Health. (2005) Basic Facts
  One
• Smoking Statistics. Available at
  http//www.ash.org.uk.
• (Accessed 5 June 2006).

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References

• Action on Smoking and Health. (2005) Basic Facts
  One Smoking Statistics. Available
• at http//www.ash.org.uk. (Accessed 5 June
  2006).
• Chambers, N. (1999) Wound management, in
  Hogston, R. and Simpson, P.M. (eds)
• Foundations of Nursing Practice. Basingstoke
  Macmillan, pp. 240-266.
• Department of Health. (2000) Comprehensive
  Critical Care a review of adult Critical
• Care services. London Department of Health
  Publications.
• Roberts, D. (2006) Learning experiences of
  seconded pre-registration nursing students,
• Nursing Standard, 20 (36), pp. 41-45.
• Seedhouse, D. (2004) Health Promotion
  Philosophy, Prejudice and Practice. 2nd edn.
• Chichester Wiley.
• Williams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook of
  Diabetes. 3rd edn. Oxford Blackwell
• Publishing.

15
In-text citation

• Just the author or authors surnames, NEVER their
  initials!!! OR just the name of the
  organisation.
• Just the year, NEVER the date, volume/issue
  number, journal name, WHATEVER!!!
• ONLY use page numbers with direct quotations, ie.
  the exact words that were written on the page

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In-text citation - examples

• Since the 1950s, the number of women who smoke
  has increased dramatically (Action on Smoking and
  Health, 2005).
• An imperative in wound care is the avoidance of
  tissue necrosis (Chambers, 1999).
• Improvement of critical care has been an
  important focus for government policy (Department
  of Health, 2000).
• Seconded student nurses felt a greater pressure
  to perform than their non-seconded peers
  (Roberts, 2006).
• Nurse education abounds with models of care and
  practice (Seedhouse, 2004).
• Obesity is a major contributory factor to the
  onset of type two diabetes (Williams and Pickup,
  2004).

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In-text citation further examples

• According to figures from Action on Smoking and
  Health (2005), the number of women who smoke has
  increased dramatically since the 1950s.
• Chambers (1999) states that an imperative in
  wound care is the avoidance of tissue necrosis.
• The Department of Health (2000) maintain that
  improvement of critical care has been an
  important focus for government policy.
• Roberts (2006) discovered that seconded student
  nurses felt a greater pressure to perform than
  their non-seconded peers.
• Seedhouse (2004) cautions prospective students
  that nurse education abounds with models of care
  and practice.
• According to Williams and Pickup (2004), obesity
  is a major contributory factor to the onset of
  type two diabetes.

18
Direct quotation and page numbers

• Douglas (1999, p.330) describes how critical
  incident analysis of significant events in
  practice dissects the event into a snapshot in
  time.
• Douglas (1999, p.322) discusses how easy it is
  not to reflect on our practice
• It is all too easy to coast along in our
  practice, frequently oblivious to the need for
  minor adjustments or changes. Left unchecked,
  presumptive and anticipatory action can follow.

19
Secondary citation in text

• Kolb (1984, cited in Knowles et al, 2005)
  proposed a reflective cycle as the basis of
  learning from experience.
• OR
• The four steps of the learning cycle (Kolb, 1984,
  cited in Knowles et al, 2005) are described as
  concrete experience, observation and reflection,
  formation of abstract concepts and
  generalisation, and testing of concepts in new
  situations.

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Secondary references in the reference list

• ONLY cite the book you have read not the
  original authors work. So for the citation
  above, you would only have the following
  reference
• Knowles, M.S., Holton, E.F. and Swanson, R.A.
  (2005) The Adult Learner. 5th edn. London
  Heinemann.

21
Reference

• Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them
  Right the Essential Guide to Referencing and
  Plagiarism. 2nd edn. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Pear
  Tree Books.