Introduction to GIS

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Introduction to GIS
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An explanation of GIS

• GIS is a system of interrelated and coordinated
  components to analyze spatially connectd data
• Dependent upon hardware and software
• Use of existing software (i.e., database
  software, visualization)
• Some of the software development issues are
  directly related to handling spatial data (i.e.,
  projections, datums, cooridate systems, spatial
  analysis)

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Types of GIS

• project oriented consisting of collection of
  spatially related data, correction of data,
  analysis and display through various media for a
  specific purpose (i.e., investigation of
  pollution around Kücükçekmece Lake)
• geographical data resourse that can be queried
  and analyzed for multple projects (i.e., Istanbul
  Büyüksehir GIS) and displayed in various media
  (i.e., Internet and Intranets, printed maps,
  video etc. )

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Simplied Illustration of a GIS
Geographic Information coordinatesof entities
Attributes
Processing area
Engine for manipulation, andanalysis of data
and entities
Visual
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A short definition of GIS

• Input, management, manipulation, analysis,
  modeling and display of spatially-referenced data
  for solving complex planning and management
  problems  

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GIS as a tool

• GIS enables us to investigate geographically
  related data in a manner that was never possible
  because of the processing ability of the computer
• The problems are still the same, but the
  potential solutions have been made easier through
  the abiltity of GIS
• For geographers, GIS has opened up new worlds
  much like the invention of the telescope for
  astronomers and the microscope for biologists

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What disciplines use or study GIS?

• Agriculture
• Archeology
• Biology
• Political Science
• Geology
• Geography
• Economics
• Environment
• Sociology
• Mediicie
• History
• Wildlife Management
• Urban Planning
• Transportation
• Logistics
• Computer Science
• Information Sciences
• Mathmatics
• These disciplines study the mechanics or the
  GIS processes themselves

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Some key people in the development of GIS

• Roger Tomlinson (worked on first GIS project in
  Canadaconsidered by some as the father of GIS)
• Howard Fisher (Harvard Laboratoriesfirst
  commerical GIS)
• Ian McHarg (Design with Nature-key book in
  Environmental Analysis)
• Jack Dangermond (founder of ESRI)
• Jim Meadlock, founder of Integraph Corporation
• Michael Goodchild-first comprehensive textbook in
  GIScience and the person, important in the
  founding of the University Consordium of
  Geographic Information Science (UCGIS)
• Michael Batty-seminal work with fractal analysis
  and present head of Center for Advanced Spatial
  Analysis
• Bill Huxhold-pioneer in urban GIS
• Robert Tweedie of the N.Y State Department of
  Transportation at Albany, developed first
  transportation information system based on grid
  manipulation. It incorporated, among others,
  geocoded land use and travel characteristics
• For a timeline of GIS history go to
  http//www.ncgia.buffalo.edu/gishist/This needs
  to be updated

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Some Prospects for a Career in GIS

• GIS software companies (i.e., ISLEM)
• Urban and Regional Government (i.e., ISKI IETT)
• Trucking Firms
• Banks
• Marketing
• Real Estate
• Tourism
• Navigation
• Archelogy

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An example of a GIS-ArcGIS

• Three parts ArcCatalog, ArcMap, ArcTools
• A fully intergrated GIS with robust modeling
  tools
• ESRI is one of the leaders of GIS
• Jack Dangermond (founder of ESRI) is considered
  one of the leading figures in GIS

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• ArcCatalog-Data management component
• ArcMap-Spatial Data display and analysis
• ArcTool-Spatial Data analysis and manipulation

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Many more programs..but GIS is GIS

• Intergraph
• MapInfo
• TransCAD