History and Theory of European Integration - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 48
About This Presentation
Title:

History and Theory of European Integration

Description:

... integration is a series of bargains between sovereign states pursuing their national interest ... Bargaining aimed at construction of convergent goals ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:159
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 49
Provided by: computer6
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: History and Theory of European Integration


1
History and Theory of European Integration
  • Marina V. Larionova

2
Lecture 4
  • The Intergovernmentalist challenge to the core
    propositions of neofunctionalism
  • Critiques and contemplations of neofunctionalism

3
Readings for the lecture
  • Hoffman S. Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the
    Nation State and the Case of Western Europe
    (1966). The European Union. Readings on the
    Theory and Practice of European Integration,
    Nelsen B.F. and Alexander C G. Stubb (eds.),
    Palgrave, 1998
  • Lindberg L.N. Political Integration Definitions
    and Hypotheses (1963). The European Union.
    Readings on the Theory and Practice of European
    Integration, Nelsen B.F. and Alexander C G.
    Stubb (eds.), Palgrave, 1998
  • Rosamond Ben. (2000) Theories of European
    Integration. The European Union Series. Palgrave
    Chapter 4

4
Competing or complementary approaches?
  • Socio political and academic contexts
  • Scientific progress
  • Ontological and epistemological foundations
  • Methodology
  • Scope
  • Purpose
  • Perspective

5
Functions of the Theory
  • Explaining (why) and understanding (how)
  • focus on reasons and causes
  • Describing and analyzing
  • focus on the definitions and concepts / create
    the vocabulary
  • Criticizing and developing norms and principles

6
Area
  • Polity Political community and its institutions
  • Examples, analyzing and explaining the community
    institutional structure trying to find
    constitutional alternatives
  • Policy analyzing critically and reflecting on
    actual measures, policy styles
  • Politics processes of policy making

7
Neofunctionlism as the theory of integration
  • Obstinate or Obsolete?
  • The Fate of the Nation State and the Case of
    Western Europe
  • (Stanley Hoffmann, 1966)

8
Foundations of the theoretical debate between
functionalism and intergovernmentalism
  • States are the basic units in the world politics
  • Emphasis on the importance of the national
    interests
  • Intergovernmentalist approach integration is a
    series of bargains between sovereign states
    pursuing their national interest

9
Why has the new Jerusalem been postponed
Intergovernmental paradigm
  • Enduring qualities of nationalism and statehood
    advanced arguments about state-centrism in the
    process of integration

10
Factors of unification movement failure Argument
  • Diversity of any international system determined
    by the natural plurality of domestic imperatives
  • diversity of domestic determinants
  • geo historical situations
  • external aims among its units
  • Fragmentation reproduces diversity
  • Centrifugal tendencies versus convergency of
    interests

11
Counterargument
  • Why must it be a diversity of nations,
  • not a diversity of regions federations, or
    federating blocks?
  • Answer?
  • Legitimacy of the self determination principle.
  • Newness of many of the nation states and the
    nationalist upsurge accompanying the process.

12
But
  • Does the self determination principle by itself
    guarantee the nation state survival?
  • Does it assure that the nation state must
    everywhere remain the basic form of social
    organization?

13
Further arguments
  • Two unique features of the present first truly
    global international system
  • Axis of the local regional global
  • attraction of the regional forces is offset by
    the pull of the other forces both local and
    global.
  • The demise of the old methods of agglomeration in
    the new set of conditions governing and
    restricting the use of force
  • the use of force along traditional lines for
    conquest and expansion becomes too dangerous in
    the nuclear age
  • atrophy of war removes the most pressing
    incentive to unite
  • the only method left for unification is the
    national self abdication.

14
Factors of unification versus factors of nation
state prevailance
  • Experiment failure
  • analysis of the functional method
  • limitations continued
  • The Logic of Diversity versus the Logic of
    Integration

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
  • Two integration achievements proving the logic of
    diversity wrong?
  • European Common Foreign and Security Policy
  • Economic and Monetary union
  • Justice and Home Affairs

18
Crucial factors of the community method
successanalysis of the functional method
limitations continued
  • Agreement on the Goals of Integration
  • Agreement on the Method of Integration
  • Agreement on the Outcomes of Integration

19
the Goals of Integration
20
the Method of integration
21
Gamble on the results of integration
  • Net benefits would bring progress towards
    community measured by
  • Transfer of more power to the new common agency
  • Prevalence of solutions upgrading the common
    interest
  • Increasing the flow of communication
  • Increasing compatibility of views on external
    issues

22
Summing up Hoffmanns generalizations
  • The state is still the major political actor
  • The success of federalism would be a tribute to
    the durability of the nation state its failure
    so far testifies to the irrelevance of the model
  • Europe can not be what some nations have been a
    people that create its state, there is as of now
    no European people and no general will of a
    European people
  • Functionalism can integrate economics, but is too
    unstable for the task of political integration

23
Summing up Hoffmanns generalizations
  • A full political merger vindicates the federal
    model, as the new unit will be a state forging
    people by consent through abdication of the
    previous separate states
  • There is no middle ground between cooperation of
    existing nations and the breaking in of a new one
  • In the present situation the nation state is a
    new wine in an old bottle. There are many ways
    of going beyond the nation state and some modify
    the substance without altering the form or
    creating new forms

24
Lessons Limits of the functional method
(intergovernmental view!)
  • Sidelining the centrality of the state actors and
    persistence of supranationalist sentiments
  • Denying prevalence of traditional
    intergovernmental bargaining methods
  • Underestimation of the conflicts over values
    decisions deadlocks
  • Ignoring intervening variables in the spill over
    process
  • Overestimation of the role of the institutional
    machinery
  • Its authority is limited, conditional,
    dependable, reversible
  • Its stake controlled by the states
  • Denying the low high politics problem
  • Failure to acknowledge the importance of external
    factors and global environment
  • concentration on the spill over as a dynamic
    internal to the community

25
Marxists contemplation of neofunctionalism
  • Ernst Mandel (1967) International Capitalism and
    Supra-nationality, in R. Miliband and J.
    Saville (eds), The Socialist register 1967
    (London Merlin)
  • Supranationalism a powerful economic and
    political ideology as well as an institutional
    configuration designed to meet the needs of
    capitalism.
  • EC the product and the vehicle of capital
    concentration.

26
Stuart Holland
  • Stuart Holland (1980) UnCommon Market Capital,
    Class and Power in the European community
    (London Macmillan)
  • EC The growth of capital interpenetration
    would represent material infrastructure for the
    emergence of supranational state power organs in
    the Common Market and reorganization of state
    power at the supranational level
  • Centrality of class polarization
  • Relating the role of the elites of a given class
    structure
  • Alliance of sections of state and key strata of
    capital

27
Peter Cocks
  • Peter Cocks (1980) Towards a Marxist Theory of
    European Integration, International Organization
    34 (1)
  • Integration considered in the course of
    capitalist development as a process of state
    building where the growth of political
    institutions represents an attempt to impose
    capitalist state functions commensurate with the
    level of development of capitalist relations of
    production.
  • Integration facilitates the growth of the
    productive forces.

28
Neo functionalists reflections on the first act
of integration studies
  • Madison colloquium (1969)
  • L.N. Lindberg and S.A. Scheingold (eds), (1971)
    Regional Integration Theory and Research
    (Cambridge, MA Harvard University press)

29
Objectives
  • Development of a more sophisticated theory and
    methodology
  • Acceleration of comparative regional integration
    analysis

30
Haass contemplation of neofunctionalist
pretheory as obsolescent
  • Limited capacity for the theory transferability
    as its analysis is deeply rooted in the social
    change and decision making processes in the
    pluralistic industrialized societies
  • Limitations for generalization on transregional
    basis because of the
  • radically distinct dependent variables
  • speculative character of the terminal conditions
    of the end state of the integration process,
    hence
  • Attempt to theorize on common terminal condition
    would be scientifically mistaken
  • Attempt to develop a Multiple dependent variables
    model

31
The challenge of conceptualizing the EC as a
complex political system in the global world
order
  • Persisting challenge of definition
  • Donald Puchala (1972) Of Blind Men, Elephants
    and International Integration, Journal of Common
    Market Studies 10.
  • different schools of researchers have exalted
    different parts of the integration elephant.
    They have claimed either that their parts were in
    fact the whole beasts, or that their parts were
    the most important ones, the others being of
    marginal interest.
  • No model describes the integration phenomenon
    with complete accuracy because all models present
    images of what integration should be or could be
    rather than here and now.

32
Concordance system Explaining Community as a
Network
  • A complex entity where nation states remain the
    primary actors, bur where arenas of political
    action are operated at several levels and levels
    of influence vary from one issue area to another
  • A forum for positive sum interaction
  • Distinctive attitudinal environment of prevailing
    pragmatism
  • Bargaining aimed at construction of convergent
    goals
  • Actors attention to international
    interdependence
  • Mutual sensitivity and responsiveness

33
  • Lindberg, L.N. and Scheingold, S.A. (1970)
    Europes Would be Polity
  • Patterns of Change in the European Community
    (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall).

34
Explaining Community as a Polity
  • Objectives (how? Versus traditional
    neofunctionalist why?)
  • Explain the change within the EC system / explain
    the system transformation or equilibrium
  • Methodology (David Easton systems theory (1965) A
    systems analysis of Political Life)
  • Transforming a static system model into a model
    of system change
  • Regarding Community as a political system in the
    making
  • Differentiating between Community and its
    Environment

35
Elements of the model
  • Outcomes decisions enhancing or decreasing the
    functional scope and institutional capacity of
    the system a function of
  • Five clusters of variables
  • External variables inputs
  • demands
  • systemic supports
  • leadership resources, national and supranational
  • Features of the system
  • Functional scope
  • Institutional capacities
  • Supranational decisions / decision making
    structures
  • Decision rules and norms

36
Explaining the reasons for community developments
(Why and how?)
  • Haas, E. B. (1976) Turbulent Fields and the
    Study of Regional integration, International
    organization 30 (2)
  • Community as a copying strategy in the
    turbulent setting of great social complexity
    (why?)
  • Community as a result of a series of
    relationships between objectives, knowledge,
    learning, strategies, bargaining styles and
    institutions interacting in the face of radical
    uncertainty (how?)

37
From the notion of turbulence to the concept of
externalization
  • External contexts as an integration process
    determinant
  • Externalization a situation where regional
    policy making is more and more constrained by the
    extra and inter-regional calculations of the
    actors.
  • .. The independent role of these conditions
    should decline as integration proceeds until
    joint negotiations vis-à-vis outsiders has become
    such an integral part of the decisional process
    that the international system accords the new
    unit a full participant status.

38
From the concept of externalization to the idea
of interdependence
  • The concept of interdependence
  • emergence of new actors
  • diffuse and interconnected global order
    characterized by multiple actors among which the
    states are important but not alone
  • challenge to the realist emphasis on power, force
    and national interest
  • interdependence condition in the global world
    order which might produce regional integrative
    response
  • condition under which governments and other
    economic actors may have to contemplate some form
    of collaboration without defining its outcome

39
  • The concept of interdependence a route out
    of n1 conundrum?

40
Neo-NeofunctionalismDéjà vu, all over again?
  • Philippe C. Schmitter (2003) Neo-
    Neofunctionalism in Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez
    (eds), European Integration Theory.Oxford
    university press.
  • The two dimensional matrix of contending theories
    of regional integration
  • Ontological dimension
  • assumption of reproductive or transformative
    nature of the process
  • Epistemological dimension
  • evidence based on dramatic political events or
    upon prosaic socio-economic cultural exchanges
  • Neo functionalism transformative and rooted in
    observation of gradual, normal, unobtrusive
    exchanges across a wide range of actors

41
(No Transcript)
42
Multi-Level Governance (MLG)
  • an arrangement for making binding decisions that
    engages a multiplicity of politically independent
    but otherwise interdependent actors private and
    public at different level of territorial
    aggregation in more or less continuous
    negotiation/deliberation/implementation, and that
    does not assign exclusive policy competence or
    assert a stable hierarchy of political authority
    to any of these levels.

43
Poli-centric Governance (PCG)
  • an arrangement for making binding decisions over
    a multiplicity of actors that delegates authority
    over functional tasks to a set of dispersed and
    relatively autonomous agencies that are not
    controlled by a single collective institution.

44
More than thirty years laterCritical
afterthoughts
  • A self-transforming neo-functionalist model
  • The neo-functionalist model constitutes an open
    system of explanation in the sense that
    antecedent conditions are not perfect or even
    exclusive predictors of subsequent one. Error
    values some exogenous, others - random values
    of endogenous variable are present throughout
    the model although according to the hypothesis of
    increasing mutual determination they should
    decline with successful positive resolutions of
    decisional crises.
  • The decision cycle notion and changing
    member-states strategies
  • Initiating cycle
  • Priming cycle
  • Transformative cycle

45
Transformative cycle
  • Increase in the reform mongering role of the
    regional institutions
  • Regional institutions attempts at
    externalization
  • Domestic Status Effect
  • Fragmentation of national actors and emergence of
    a new superimposed wider identity
  • Formation of stable transnational coalitions
  • Increased activism by Eurocrats / reaction on the
    part of the government decision-makers to the
    erosion of their monopolistic control over
    certain policy areas
  • New strategy accommodating the interests of a
    broad transnational coalition as the result of
    the package deals and a new status as a global
    player

46
Transformative cycle
  • Elite values more focused on regional symbols and
    loyalties, while the national ones do not wither
    away
  • Extra regional dependence becomes partly
    endogenous and is no longer determined
    excessively by exogenous factors
  • Regional system of political parties emerges
  • Democratization of the process
  • The end-state A multi-level and Poly-centric
    system of governance / consortio or
    condominio

47
To conclude
  • understanding and explanation in this field of
    enquiry are best served not by a dominance of a
    single accepted grand model or paradigm, but by
    the simultaneous presence of antithetic and
    conflictive ones which while they may converge
    in certain aspects diverge in so many others.
    If this sort of dialectic of incompleteness,
    unevenness, and partial frustration propels
    integration processes forward, why can not it do
    the same for the scholarship that accompanies
    them.

48
  • Thank you!
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com