Globalisation and the new challenges for maritime security

1
Globalisation and the new challenges for maritime
security

• Dave Mugridge
• Phd Student _at_ Plymouth Business School
• Associate Research Fellow _at_ CFPS, Dalhousie
  University

2
Content

• The nature of the new security challenges within
  todays strategic environment.
• What value the constabulary role within national
  maritime security strategy?
• How should the 'new security challenges drive
  force structure changes?
• NAFTA Models (little similarity between nations
  but what of complementary operations?)
• Operationally - should we have institutional
  overlap between all government arms tasked to
  contribute to maritime security?
• Strategically - how should we deal with the
  challenges of terrorism and organized crime?
• Concluding remarks - components of National
  Maritime Strategy to deliver a more comprehensive
  approach

3
Todays Strategic Environment

• Increasing religious, ethnic, social and
  cultural unrest
• Unequal wealth distribution
• Increasing competition for natural resources
• Inequitable social policies
• Repressed historic enmities
• Rise and overlap of Organised Crime and Non-State
  Terrorism
• Asymmetric Warfare State and Non-State
• Reus Smit (04) - Engage with the world and deal
  with the underlying sources of insecurity and
  alienation

4
New Reality

• Need to see threat beyond traditional military
  view avoid over use of military to counter
  criminality and criminals
• Use all tools in the government tool-box to
  counter modern threats
• Lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan
• Proactive response requires imagination and
  co-ordination.
• Assessment NAFTA choice is either myopic
  (military) or panoramic (comprehensive)
• New thinking offers opportunity for co-ordinated
  government(s) international bodies to respond
  to realities of new security threats

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Multi-faceted maritime crime
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The Nature of the Threat
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Criminal / Terrorist Modus Operandi

• Small disparate groups
• Irregular force structure
• Unconventional and asymmetrical methods
• Wide-ranging and disparate objectives
• Promotes a climate where symbiotic relationships
  with other criminal and terrorist groups are
  advantageous so ... My enemies enemy is my
  friend
• But to counter requires all the tools of
  government, they co-operate so must you!

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Globalisation sees Maritime Security deteriorate

• Maritime Piracy, Kidnapping Smuggling are on
  the rise - NATO SG RUSI (Dec 08)
• Non State Terrorists have transformed the
  strategic environment - Coker (08)
• Shifting balances of power, military tension
  WMD do not bode well for future - Chalk (07)
• Failure of legal initiatives like ISPS Code (02),
  UNCLOS (82) PSI (08)
• Why? Transnational terrorists and non state
  actors not only disregard national boundaries
  they often exploit the margins Rear Adm Tay RSN
  

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What value the constabulary function?

• Arguably the most important function for todays
  Maritime Security
• Conventional naval threats are low and have lead
  in time to respond.
• UK experience in Iraq and Nigeria
• Balance of probabilities new security
  challenges are uppermost so...
• Time to forget Cold War doctrine?

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Justification for these views

• I believe that our uncertain strategic
  environment will result in a growing burden of
  operations, particularly in constabulary type
  functions. These operations may flow from ISPS
  Code, regional instability or specific government
  direction but will be in addition to and not
  instead of our war fighting role.
• (V-Adm C Ritchie RAN) (04)

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A military option is only part of the solution

• A war on terror is not a military exercise. It
  is a political, diplomatic, economic and social
  exercise in which military force must always be
  available and occasionally used.
• John Scott Cowan (2006)

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How should 'new security challenges drive
change within the maritime security force
structure?

• The Asymmetric Threats
• Irregular
• Prevalence of criminal and terror related
  activities
• Regional differences (value of x-pollination of
  lessons learnt)
• Growing sophistication of modus operandi and
  overlap in methods
• Avoid current hang-up over what constitutes a
  nexus. (Does it matter whether it is
  collaboration or co-operation?)
• Constabulary functions need to be in ascendancy
  - value of USCG model (Armed enforcement
  capability)

• Required Government Response
• Political Primacy
• Co-ordination of Government Machinery
• Intelligence Information management
• Separating the target from their supporters
• Neutralise / Incarcerate target, greater
  relevance for constabulary operations
• Long-term strategy
• Robert Thompson 1966

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NAFTA National Models

• Disparity in models based upon capability, size,
  organisations resources
• But significant value in joint operations
• Collaboration (Intel)
• Co-operation (Unit tasking)
• Complementary (Model Strengths)
• Convergence (Best Practice)

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Operational Over-lap

• The Current Position

• Journeys End Comprehensive Approach

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Strategic Comprehensive Approach

• Authors SLEEPS Model

• Revision of Israeli Model

• Sociological
• Legal
• Economic
• Environmental
• Political
• Security

• Mode of Action (Spectrum of sanctioned activity)
• Political Objective (Recognition of regional
  effects)
• Selected Strategy (Attrition to Annihilation)
• Scale of Operation (Finances, Personnel and
  Equipment)

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Components of Maritime Security Strategy

• Provide for a layered, complementary defence
• Review current force structures to achieve a
  coherent balance of maritime forces
• Capacity build through domestic and foreign
  training initiatives agreements
• Recognise and co-ordinate maritime security as a
  sub-set of a broad (3 D) approach to delivering
  national security
• Regularly review future activities of those who
  threaten maritime security
• Consult with and educate the population as to the
  importance of maritime security
• Establish a series of national / regional
  partnerships with relevant non-governmental
  bodies and organisations to achieve national /
  regional support for maritime security policies
• Look to enshrine humanitarian and disaster relief
  within the mission sets of all deployable
  maritime forces
• Enforce and uphold International Law
• Maintain sufficient high readiness maritime
  forces to respond to emergent regional threats or
  events

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Conclusion

• We hold that our strategy does not embrace
  purely military affairs. War must be
  comprehensive and combined strategy.
• Mao(1958)