United States History Mr' Stevens

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United States HistoryMr. Stevens

• Chapters 5 and 6
• The Rising Storm and the War for Independence

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The French and Indian War1754 - 1763

• The disputed Ohio Valley leads to a world war
  b/w France and Great Britain.
• Called the Seven Years War in Europe.
• France Fort Duquense
• British Fort Necessity
• 22 year old George Washington leads the Virginia
  militia on a mission of diplomacy.

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• Fort Duquense
• Fort Necessity

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William Pitt Takes Charge

• 1757 Hires Germans to fight against France in
  Europe.
• 1758 Fort Duquense is taken and renamed Fort
  Pitt.
• 1759 The British defeat the French at Quebec.

• Landing of the British Army, 1759

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1763 Treaty of Paris

• Millions of square miles changed hands.
• Major change in the course of history.
• France driven from North America.
• Britain took Florida from Spain for helping
  France.
• France gave Louisiana to Spain.
• France allowed to keep two islands off New
  Foundland and two islands in Caribbean.

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Britain Tightens Control

• British Problems
• Huge national debt.
• High taxes.
• Colonists wanted to move into new western lands
  which would cause more Indian wars.
• Abandoned Salutary Neglect
• Colonists should pay 1/3 of own defense.
• ITS ABOUT TO GET REALLY UGLY

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Lord George Grenville tries to solve problems

• Proclamation of 1763
• Closed Ohio Valley to settlement.
• Pontiacs Rebellion
• The Sugar Act (1764)
• First effort to regulate trade.
• A nation of smugglers.
• The Quartering Act
• To provide troops w/ housing and supplies.

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The Stamp Act (1765)

• Mortgages, deeds, newspapers, pamphlets, cards,
  dice, liquor.
• No Taxation Without Represenation!! Patrick
  Henry
• 1765 Stamp Act Congress
• Sons of Liberty
• Colonial gangsters
• Nonimportation Agreements
• Boycott of British goods

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A Massacre and A Party

• The Townshend Acts
• British Treasurer Charles Townshend must solve
  problems.
• New taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.
• Rigid enforcement!
• New customs officials.
• Strong military presence to protect them.

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The Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770
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The Boston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773
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The Last Doubts are Overcome

• The Intolerable/Coercive Acts
• The First Continental Congress
• September, 1774
• Denounced Intolerable Acts embargo
• April 19, 1775 Lexington Concord
• General Gage ordered to restore British authority
  with a display of force.
• 700 soldiers to seize patriot military supplies
  at Concord, Mass.
• 70 minutemen routed, 8 killed.

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• Concord Bridge The Shot Heard Round The World
• British attacked all the way back to Boston by
  4,000 minutemen.
• 247 redcoat casualties, 93 patriots.
• Patriots surround Boston w/ 20,000.
• Second Continental Congress
• May, 1775
• Authorized raising of an army.
• George Washington named Commander-in-Chief.
• Provincial govt. over the colonies thru the war.

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The Battle for Bunker HillJune, 1775
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Documentation of Revolution

• Olive Branch Suppressing Rebellion
• Petition - Colonists and Sedition King
  George

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Common Sense by Thomas Paine

• King not fit for Americans.
• Urged Independence.
• Free to trade anywhere.
• British could not win a long war.
• Consent of the Governed.

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Patriots Declare Independence

• June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee proposes
  Independence.
• July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence to the
  Opinion of Mankind
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.
• Blamed King.

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The War for Independence

• British Advantages
• 10 million vs. 2.5 million
• Well trained army
• 30,000 mercenaries Hessian troops
• Navy of over 800 ships.
• Could land anywhere.
• Far more money.
• British Disadvantages
• Fighting 3,000 miles from home.
• Sympathy for Americans (brethren).

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The War for Independence

• Patriot Advantages
• Soldiers who stayed in the army became excellent
  fighters.
• Familiar with territory defending homes.
• France and Spain secretly sent supplies.
• Patriot Disadvantages
• Congress had no power to tax or draft troops.
• Untrained army desertions
• No navy stole 13 warships

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Loyalists, Women, and Blacks

• Loyalists 1/3 of America
• 60,000 fought for Great Britain
• Persecuted, jailed, lost property, etc.
• Women
• Cooks, nurses, seamstresses, carried supplies.
• Margaret Corbin replaced gunner during battle
• Mary Ludwig Hays Molly Pitcher
• Blacks
• Both sides promised freedom for service.

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Farmers and Shopkeepers Defeat an Empire
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1776 Fighting

• The Battle for New York
• Washington fortifies city w/ 23,000 men.
• Howe lands w/ 32,000 and takes city.
• Washington escapes to New Jersey.
• The Battle of Trenton
• Morale low, needed a victory!
• Washington crosses Delaware and attacks on
  Christmas night.
• The Battle of Princeton
• British react, but are surprised and defeated.

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1777 Fighting

• New British Plan
• 3 British armies to meet in Albany, NY and cut
  the colonies in half.
• General Howe has another plan to capture capital
• British occupy Philadelphia and Washington
  retreats to Valley Forge
• Battle of Saratoga Turning Point
• Burgoyne met 15,000 patriots and surrendered
  almost 7,000 to General Horatio Gates
• Proved to Europe that America could win!

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The Prayer at Valley Forge
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1778 Fighting

• Stalemate
• War in the West
• George Rogers Clark captured 3 towns in Illinois
  and Ohio fought mostly Indians.
• New British Plan
• Conquer South where loyalists are strongest.
• The British land in Savannah, GA.

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1779 and 1780 Fighting

• War at Sea
• John Paul Jones
• I have not yet begun to fight!
• British capture Charleston, SC.
• Our worst defeat of the war.
• Lord Cornwallis vs. Nathanael Greene
• We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again!

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The American Judas

• Benedict Arnold
• Traitor agreed to give plans to take West Point
  to the British.
• Captured Richmond for the British.

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The Final Battle

• The Battle of Yorktown, VA.
• Cornwallis retreated to get supplies from New
  York.
• French place naval blockade on entrance to
  Chesapeake Bay.
• September 28, 1781
• 9,000 Patriots and 7,800 French marched on
  Yorktown against 8,000 British and Hessians.
• October 19, 1781
• Cornwallis surrendered

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Cornwallis Surrenders
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Treaty of ParisSeptember 3, 1783

• Took another two years to make peace.
• Recognized U.S. independence and gave us all the
  land to the Mississippi river.
• Great Britain gave Florida back to Spain.