ENERGY SYSTEMS

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ENERGY SYSTEMS

• AND MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

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BIOENERGETIC CONVERSION

• FOOD BROKEN DOWN INTO THE 3 NUTRIENTS
• USE OF THESE NUTRIENTS TO FUNCTION

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CARBOHYDRATES

• MOST ABUNDANT ORGANIC SUBSTANCE IN NATURE
• PLANTS
• BROKEN DOWN INTO GLUCOSE AND STORED AS GLYCOGEN

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GLYCOGEN

• USED IN STRESS OR INCREASED MUSCULAR ACTIVITY

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METABOLISM

• ENERGY SUPPLIED VIA NUTRIENTS
• BREAKDOWN OR BUILDING OF STRUCTURES WITHIN BODY
• PURPOSE
• ENERGY RENEWAL
• FREE ENERGY

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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

• COMMON ENERGY MOLECULE
• CAPTURES CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF
  FOOD FOR CELLULAR PROCESSES
• 3 PHOSPHATES ATATCHED BY A HIGH ENERGY BOND TO
  ADENOSINE
• ENERGY RELEASED FROM BREAKING OF BOND

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ANAEROBIC SYSTEM

• IN CYTOPLASM
• CARBS MAIN ENERGY SOURCE

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AEROBIC SYSTEM

• INSIDE MITOCHONDRIA
• FATS AND PROTEIN ENTER HERE

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ATP-PC SYSTEM

• USED FOR SHORT BURSTS OF ENERGY
• LASTS 2-15 SECS
• CAN BE INCREASED WITH TRAINING

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GLYCOLYSIS

• FUELED BY GLUCOSE OR GLYCOGEN
• NET GAIN OF 2 OR 3 ATP
• END PRODUCT IS PYRUVATE OR LACTIC ACID
• LASTS 15 SECS - 3MINS

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• http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
  io231/glycolysis.html

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LACTIC ACID

• CONVERTED FROM PYRUVATE (PYRUVIC ACID)
• BUILD UP HURTS GLUCOSE
• DECREASES MUSCLE FIBRE CONTRACTION
• REMOVAL
• 30-60MINS RECOVERY EXERCISE
• 1-2 HOURS REST

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• MOLECULAR ACTIVITY IN MITOCHONDRIA
• 3 PATHWAYS

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KREBS CYCLE

• 8 REACTIONS
• 2 ATP
• HYDROGEN REMOVAL IS KEY
• H TO ETC

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• http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
  io231/krebs.html

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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

• CO2 AND H2O BY-PRODUCTS
• FREE RADICALS
• http//www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/B
  io231/etc.html

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FREE RADICALS

• PRODUCED DURING ETC
• MOLECULES THAT HAVE UNPAIRED ELECTRONS IN OUTTER
  RING
• WANTS TO BOND!! ?
• BONDS WHERE IT SHOULDNT WHICH REDUCES ACTIVITY
  OF ENZYMES IN KREBS (WITHOUT ENZYMES CANT
  BREAKDOWN ACETYL COA AND REMOVE HYDROGENS) ?SLOWS
  DOWN SYSTEM
• SYSTEM SLOWS DOWN AND THERE IS A BACK LOG
  PREVENTING NADH FROM ENTERING THE MITOCHONDRIA ?
  LACTIC ACID BUILDS QUICKLY (LACTATE THRESHOLD IS
  REACHED)
• PRODUCED DIRECTLY LINKED TO EXERCISE INTENSITY

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ATP TALLY

• LETS ADD IT UP!

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ATP PC SYSTEM

• NUMBER OF ATP PRODUCED???
• UNKNOWN AS VARIES PER PERSON
• DIET, TRAINING, SUPPLEMENTS
• NUMBER OF NADH OR FADH PRODUCED??
• ZILCH!
• THERFORE WHEN WE ADD UP THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF EACH
  SYSTEM, THIS ONE IS NOT FACTORED IN

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GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS AND THE E.T.C.

• WELCOME TO THE CLUB!

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GLYCOLYSIS AND PYRUVATE

• - 2 ATP
• 4 ATP
• NET GAIN OF 2 ATP WITH GLUCOSE
• NET GAIN OF 3 ATP WITH GLYCOGEN
• 2 NADH PRODUCED
• 2NADH X 3 ATP PRODUCTION SITES IN THE ETC
• 6 ATP
• TOTAL ATP CONTRIBUTION OF GLYCOLYSIS IS 8 USING
  GLUCOSE AND 9 USING GLYCOGEN

• PYRUVATE TURNING INTO ACETYL COA PRODUCES 1 NADH
  FOR EACH PYRUVATE (2 PYRUVATE TOTAL WITH EITHER
  GLUCOSE OF GLYCOGEN)
• 2 NADH PRODUCED
• 2NADH X 3 ATP PRODUCTION SITES IN THE ETC
• 6 ATP
• BREAKDOWN OF PYRUVATE REQUIRES USING AN ATP FOR
  EACH PYRUVATE
• -2 ATP
• 6 ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP
• TOTAL ATP CONTRIBUTION OF PYRUVATE TO ACETYL COA
  IS 4 ATP

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KREBS

• 3 NADH ARE SPUN OFF FOR EACH ACETYL COA
  ENTERING KREBS
• 6 NADH X 3 ATP PRODUCTION SITES IN ETC
• 18 ATP
• 1 FADH IS SPUN OFF FOR EACH ACETYL COA ENTERING
  KREBS
• 2 FADH X 2 ATP PRODUCTION SITES IN ETC
• 4 ATP
• 2 GTP (1 FOR EACH ACETYL COA) DONATE PHOSPHATE TO
  ADP
• 2 GTP 2 ADP 2 ATP
• TOTAL ATP CONTRIBUTION OF KREBS CYCLE IS 24

• TOTAL ATP CONTRIBUTION OF GLYCOLYSIS IS 8
• TOTAL ATP CONTRIBUTION OF PYRUVATE TO ACETYL COA
  IS 4
• TOTAL ATP CONTRIBUTION OF KREBS CYCLE IS 24

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BLOOD LACTATE THRESHOLD

• POINT AT WHICH LACTATE LEVELS INCREASE SUDDENLY
  RAPIDLY INCREASING ACCUMULATION
• VARIES/PERSON
• UNTRAINED PEOPLE REACH _at_ 50-60 VO2 MAX
• TRAINED PEOPLE REACH _at_ 70-80 VO2 MAX

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HOW TO INCREASE LACTATE THRESHOLD

• INTERVAL TRAINING
• REST TO WORK RATIO
• 31, 21, 11

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CORI CYCLE

• LACTIC ACID TRANSPORTED TO LIVER WHERE CONVERTED
  BACK TO GLUCOSE ?GLYCOGEN

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FATTY ACIDS

• PRIMARY FAT FOUND IN MUSCLE CELLS AND ADIPOSE
  TISSUE
• CONVERTED TO ENERGY
• FATTY ACIDS?ACETYL CoA
• ENTERS AT KREBS

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BETA OXIDATION

• FATTY ACIDS CHANGED TO ACETYL-CoA
• OCCURS IN MITO.

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AMINO ACIDS

• COMPONENTS OF PROTEIN
• NO PROTEIN RESERVE (LIKE FAT ?)
• USE OF PROTEIN IS DIRECTLY FROM BODY TISSUE

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MYOGLOBIN

• PROTEIN
• OXYGEN STORAGE UNIT THAT DELIVERS OXYGEN TO
  WORKING MUSCLES

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TYPE I FIBRE (SO)

• SLOW TWITCH ?SLOW OXIDATIVE
• HARD TO FATIGUE
• LONG DURATION ACTIVITIES
• LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
• SLOW TO CONTRACT

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TYPE IIA FIBRE (FOG)

• MIDDLE TWITCH ?FAST OXIDATIVE GLYCOLITIC
• MEDIUM TO FATIGUE
• MIDDLE DURATION ACTIVITIES
• CAN BE RECRUITED TO TYPE I OR TYPE IIB
• FAST TO CONTRACT

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TYPE IIB FIBRE (FG)

• FAST TWITCH ? FAST GLYCOLITIC
• FAST TO FATIGUE
• SHORT DURATION, HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES
• VERY FEW MITOCHONDRIA
• VERY FAST TO CONTRACT

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TONIC MUSCLES

• MAINTAIN POSTURE DURING ACTIVITY
• MAINLY TYPE I
• ABS

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PHASIC MUSCLES

• MORE EXPLOSIVE
• MAINLY TYPE II A B
• QUADS

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DIAGRAMS
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glycogen 3ATP

ATP
ADP
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1
2
3
3 ATP