AMMA

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AMMA

• African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses
• Analyses Multidisciplinaires de la Mousson
  Africaine
• Afrikanischer Monsun Multidisziplinäre Analysen
  
• Analisis Multidiciplinar de los Monzones
  Africanos
• Afrikanske Monsun Multidisiplinære Analyser

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Annual rainfall runoff deficit
Factor 2
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How well do GCMs simulate the annual cycle?
GCMs tend to have an early rainfall onset
higher precipitation than really observed
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Short background West African Monsoon

• Still numerous fundamental issues
• Reasons for the rainfall deficit are still
  uncertain (The largest regionally observed one
  over the last 50 years)
• GCM weakness for the simulation of WAM and its
  variability
• Weak skills for weather and seasonal forecasts
• WA an important source for atmospheric
  chemistry aerosols convective transports,
  exchanges tropo-strato, not quantified
• Dynamical structures known but their
  interactions not quantified

A major difficulty Interactions of numerous
processes that develop over a wide range of
scales
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The geophysical sphere

• Integrative science
• West African Monsoon and the global climate
• The water cycle
• Surface atmosphere feedbacks
• Scaling issues in the West African Monsoon

• Process studies
• Convection and atmospheric processes
• Oceanic Processes
• Physical and biological processes over
  land-surfaces
• Aerosol and chemical processes in the atmosphere

Process studies are only the first step towards a
better understanding and prediction of the
African monsoon
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From a french initiative towards AMMA

• 2000 French community selected the WAM as a
  major research topic with the support of the
  french agencies
• (CNES, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Meteo-France)
• Observational and modeling activities exist over
  WA
• (CATCH, IMPETUS, JET2000, PROMISE, AMIP,
  individual works, .)
• ? Need of coordination re-enforcement
• Numerous coming satellites missions (research
  operational) presenting a strong interest for the
  WAM (Clouds, Aerosols, Chemistry, Hydrology)
• ? Need of specific coordinated efforts
  over Africa
• Favorable international context CLIVAR-Africa,
  GEWEX (GHP, GCSS, ), EU programs (WAMP,
  PROMISE, ), ...
• ? Help to re-enforce collaborations between
  countries disciplinaries
• 2001 French proposition open at the
  International Community (White book)
• 2002 Increasing international activity to build
  up AMMA
• Meetings in Africa (Niger), Europe (UK, Germany),
  USA
• Numerous researchers and agencies from African
  countries, Europe, USA have declared their strong
  interest to participate
• 2003 - AMMA becomes in France a
  Inter-Organisms National Program
• - AMMA Scientific Steering Committees exist in
  Africa (AMMANET), UK, US and France
• - First draft of International Science Plan is
  nearly finished
• -  Commitments  exist from funding agencies
  (USA, UK, France, Germany)
• - Projects endorsed by CLIVAR GEWEX

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• African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses
• Analyses Multidisciplinaires de la Mousson
  Africaine
• Afrikanischer Monsun Multidisziplinäre Analysen
  
• Analisi Multidisciplinare per il Monsone Africano
• Afrikanske Monsun Multidisiplinære Analyser
• Analisis Multidiciplinar de los Monzones
  Africanos
• Afrikaanse Moesson Multidisciplinaire Analyse

The European AMMA Integrated Project
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A consortium of 40 partners

• Coordination IPSL

Other partners CIRAD, ECMWF, IBIMET, KNMI, ...
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The resources of the consortium

• The EU contribution to AMMA will enhance and
  federate national initiatives
• Partner institutions human resources
• France INSU, IRD, CNES, Météo-France and MAE
  are contributing to a national AMMA program.
• U.K. NERC proposal
• Germany IMPETUS and GLOWA-Volta projects
• Italy Proposal to national agencies
• Denmark INTEO project
• A total of 578 person.years will be dedicated to
  the AMMA-IP over the next 5 years. 133
  person.years will be funded by the EU.

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The AMMA IP calendar

• October 2003 the AMMA-IP pre-proposal
  submitted to the EU.
• December 2003 Solicitation for a full proposal.
• February 2004 full proposal submitted.
• June 2004 Definition of the first 18 month plan
  and negotiation with the EU.
• October 2004 Signature of the consortium
  agreement by all partners.
• December 2004 signature of the contract with
  the EU.
• January 2005 start of the project and the
  enhanced observing period.
• 2006 Special observing periods.
• 2010 end of the AMMA-IP project.

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Descrip PERIODS 
The AMMA Periods of Observations

• Long Term Observation Period (LOP)
• Inter-annual and decadal variability
• Numerous historical data exist, but need of a
  tremendous effort to collect, homogenize,
  document and distribute those data.
• New observations for the 2002-2010 period
• Enhanced Observation Period (EOP)
• Two whole seasons (2005-2006-2007)
• Document along the zonal and meridional
  transects, the seasonal cycle (surface
  atmosphere) ? Surface memory
• Document the chemical species and aerosols
• Special Observation Periods (SOP)
• Rainy season of 2006 (IOPs of 2 to 4 days)
• SOP 1 Pre-monsoon Onset stages ( 10 May- 5
  July)
• SOP 2 Monsoon maximum ( 15 July - 15 Aug)
• SOP 3 Late Monsoon ( 15 Aug. - 15 Sept)
•  

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Importance of the Gulf of Guinea for the WAM?
gt Northward penetration of moist air from the
Gulf of Guinea up to the Sahelian domain that
strongly conditions the WAM (onset and intensity)
Feb. 2000
Aug. 2000
High sea surface temperature (ltgt fluxes)
variability ! (cold tongue, equatorial and
coastal upwellings, )
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EGEE French oceanographic component of AMMA
Exchanges at the ocean-atmosphere interface
- Restitution of flux fields over the GG -
Analysis from numerical OGCM - Experiments from
high resolution models - Analyzis of the
influence of surface heterogeneities
Circulation and oceanic processes in the GG (
off SenegalGuinea Dome) - Coastal and
equatorial upwellings studies Cold tongue -
Mixing processes and water masses conversion
studies - Currents and hydrological
measurements analysis - Zonal currents
dynamic and their termination in the GG -
Tropical Instability Waves Studies (Jason
projects). - Coastal upwelling off Canaries
(with ROMS numerical model) - Dispersion/diffusio
n experiment in the GG (numerical and profilers)
Hydrology of the upper layers in the GG  -
Comparative studies of SST products - Salinity
in the GG studies (barrier layer effet? Influence
on dynamic and SST?). - Mixed Layer depth and
heat content studies - Models results analysis
and validation, diagnostic studies
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EGEE
API LOPSOP
LOP EOP
Cruises EOP (boreal spring and fall 2005 2007)
Cruises 2005 almost programmed (Priority 1, with
R/V SUROIT )

•  
• Measurements
• SST, SSS, meteorological parameters, currents
  VM-ADCP
• Profiles CTD-O2 (0 - 1000 m) currents L-ADCP
  XBT
• SW Analysis for S, O2, nutrients, CO2, O18, C13
  parameters
• Deployements of SVP PROVOR (ARGO-CORIOLIS)
• ? PIRATA moorings maintaining
• Perhaps 12 Marvor drifters at 800m (resp.
  M.Ollitrault, LPO)

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EGEE
API SOP
Cruise SOP-1 (boreal spring 2006)
Almost programmed (Priority 1, with R/V
LATALANTE)

• Flux measurements
• Turbulent Fluxes
• Hydrological parameters
• Currents nutrients
• gt ? Deep layers with tracers ?

• Atmospheric measurements at the interface
• - Instrumented mast (or similar) for HF
  measurements (50Hz) of turbulence,
• Thermodynamical parameters and radiation (0.1Hz).
  
• Radio-soundings (complementation of the
  radiosoundings network on the continent
  sampling of the
• vertical profile of the flux entering over West
  African during the monsoon onset period.
• Surface drifters Marisonde.  
• Mai-June Cotonou -gt section 3E -gt Pointe
  Noire -gt Sao Tome -gt Cotonou
• June-July Cotonou -gt section 3E -gt section
  6S -gt 10W -gt Abidjan (?)
• Repetition of the  Bénin  section at 3E (to
  have measurements during the ITCZ latitudinal
  drop)
• gt Maybe a second R/V (Antéa) along the 3E
  section

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EGEE
API SOP (2)
Cruise SOP-3 (End August-September 2006)
Almost programmed (Priority 1)
- Dakar-gt Cap Vert, - Guinea Dome, - 10W.
gt Air-Sea Interactions over warm waters in
relationship with / during cyclogenesis -
Atmospheric Mesurements at the interface -
Radio-sounding - Drifting buoys Marisonde
(surface subsurface)   maybe Aeroclippers
from Cap Vert gt During both SOP cruises
- Need of PIRATA buoys in the GG and farther west
and north - Close connections with TACE
project studies - Links and coordination with
TACE US-AMMA cruises (Ron brown) - Links and
coordination with IFM-Kiel in the framework of
the EU IP.
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2006 SOP US-AMMA TACE field works
implementation
attempts to get second R/V available, Antéa in
the GG during SOP 1 off Bénin, Senegalese R/V
during SOP 3 off Dakar
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LINKS WITH PIRATA, ARGO CORIOLIS
EGEE
Pirata FR11b -Feb.2003
ETO_Beautemps-Beaupré, -May.2003
Pirata FR12 -Jan-Feb.2004
Next one Marion-Dufresne -July 2004
- XBT - SVP - ARGO profilers - ADCP Tsgraph
- Real time transmission of XBT and CTD
profiles for MERCATOR/GODAE ( ADCP from the
Beautemps-Beaupré)
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EGEE
 
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EGEE
Meteorological Station at São Tomé
Failed in December 2003! (rare electronic
component failure) Next intervention
ASAP!!! However, HF (10mn) measurements
from October, 17, 11h30 to December, 11, 24h.
 
24h measurements (Nov. 5, 2003)
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EGEE
Meteorological Station at São Tomé
Wind fields comparison
Quickscat (black)-SãoTomé (red)
Pirata 0-0 (blue) Quickscat (black) ECMWF
(green)
Very first and raw conclusions - Be careful to
the used product - Quickscat known to
overestimate for weak wind speed values but about
OK in open sea (pirata sites) - ? Effect of
sensors height not corrected orography effect
on diffusiometry (Quickscat) and probably on
São Tomé measurements to evaluate! For
air-sea exchanges and flux estimates (gt
coupled models), urgent need of precise winds
( humidity) in situ measurements