Title: Mobile Internet Protocol
1Mobile Internet Protocol
- The Internetworks And
- The Working of the Mobile IP
- Under the Guidance of
- Prof. Khaled Elleithy
- Submitted By
- Sangeetha Duvva
2Protocol
- A protocol is set of rules and conventions used
to impose a standardized, structured language for
the communication between multiple parties. - A protocol suite (or protocol stack) is a set of
many such layers, and is usually a part of the
operating system kernel on machines connected to
the Internet.
3Internet Protocol
- IP provides a connectionless, unreliable,
best-effort packet delivery service. - IP is a network layer protocol.
- IP is the standard that defines the manner in
which the network layers of two hosts interact. - These hosts may be on the same network or reside
on physically distinct heterogeneous networks.
4Mobile Computing
- Mobile Computing is becoming increasingly
important due to the rise in the number of
portable computers and the desire to have
continuous network connectivity to the Internet
irrespective of the physical location of the
node. - IP requires the location of any host connected to
the Internet to be uniquely identified by an
assigned IP address.
5Updated IP Requirements
- A mobile node must be able to communicate with
other nodes after changing its link-layer point
of attachment to the Internet, yet without
changing its IP address. - A mobile node must be able to communicate with
other nodes that do not implement mobility
functions.
6Need for the Mobile IP Design
- IP address of a host consists of two parts
- (i) The higher order bits of the address
determine the network on which the host resides - (ii) The remaining low-order bits determine the
host number. - IP decides the next-hop by determining the
network information from the destination IP
address of the packet.
7Need for the Mobile IP Design
- On the other hand, higher level layers like TCP
maintain information about connections that are
indexed by a quadruplet containing the IP
addresses of both the endpoints and the port
numbers - Thus, while trying to support mobility on the
Internet under the existing protocol suite, we
are faced with two mutually conflicting
requirements
8Need for the Mobile IP Design
- (i) a mobile node has to change its IP address
whenever it changes its point of attachment, so
that packets destined to the node are routed
correctly, - (ii) to maintain existing TCP connections, the
mobile node has to keep its IP address the same.
Changing the IP address will cause the connection
to be disrupted and lost.
9What is Mobile IP?
- Mobile IP is an internet protocol designed to
support host mobility. - Mobile IP, the standard proposed by IETF, is
designed to enable mobile computers to stay
connected to the Internet regardless of their
location and without changing their IP address. - Mobile IP is a standard protocol that builds on
the Internet Protocol by making mobility
transparent to applications and higher level
protocols like TCP.
10What is Mobile IP?
- It solves the problem by allowing each mobile
node to have two IP addresses and by
transparently maintaining the binding between the
two addresses. - One of the IP addresses is the permanent home
address that is assigned at the home network and
is used to identify communication endpoints. - The other is a temporary care-of address that
represents the current location of the host.
11Main Goals of Mobile IP
- To make mobility transparent to the higher level
protocols - To make minimum changes to the existing Internet
infrastructure - To provide the host stay connected to the
internet regardless of their location.
12Features of Mobile IP
- No geographical limitations
- No physical connection required
- Modifications to other routers and hosts is not
required - No modifications to the current IP address and IP
address format - Supports security
13Glossary of Terms
- Foreign Network
- Home Network
- Mobile Node
- Correspondent Node
- Visited Network
- Foreign Agent
- Home Agent
- Mobility Agent
- Home Address
14Glossary of Terms
- Care-of Address
- Foreign Agent care-of address
- Co-located care-of address
- Primary Care-of address
- Binding
- Mobility Binding
- Tunnel
- Encapsulation
- Minimal encapsulation
15Glossary of Terms
- Route optimization
- Mobility Security Association
- Security Parameter Index (SPI)
- Virtual Network
- Visitor List
16Overview of Mobile IP
- 1. Discovering the Care-of-Address
- Agent Advertisement
- Agent Discovery
-
- Foreign Agent Care-of-Address
- Co-located Care-of-Address
17Overview of Mobile IP
- 2. Registering the Care-of-Address
- Registration request
- Redirection
- Registration lifetime
- Automatic Home Agent discovery
18Overview of Mobile IP
- 3. Tunneling the Care-of-Address
- Forward Tunnel Starts at the home agent, and
ends at the mobile node's care-of-address. -
- Reverse Tunnel Starts at the mobile node's
care-of address and terminates at the home agent.
19Minimal Encapsulation Protocol
- Care-of-address of the mobile node becomes the
destination address of the IP packet and the home
agent's address becomes the source address. - Minimal forwarding header stores the original
source and destination addresses. - When the foreign agent tries to decapsulate, it
simply restores the fields in the forwarding
header to the IP header and removes the
forwarding header.
20Outline of Operations of Mobile IP
- Mobility agents (i.e., foreign agents and home
agents) advertise their presence via Agent
Advertisement messages. - A MN receives these Agent Advertisements and
determines whether it is on its HN or a FN - When the MN detects that it is located on its HN,
it operates without mobility services.
21Outline of Operations of Mobile IP
- When a MN detects that it has moved to a FN, it
obtains a care-of address on the FN - MN operating away from home then registers its
new CoA with its HA through exchange of a
Registration Request and Registration Reply
message with it, possibly via a FA. - Datagrams sent to the MNs home address are
intercepted by its HA, tunneled by the HA to
the MNs CoA, received at the tunnel endpoint
(either at a FA or at the MN itself), and finally
delivered to the MN.
22Responsibilities of MN, HA and FA
- MNs main responsibility is generally to listen
for agent advertisements and initiate the
registration when a change in its network
connectivity is detected. - HAs main responsibility is generally to process
and coordinate mobility services. - FAs main responsibility is generally to relay a
registration request and reply between the home
agent and the mobile node, and decapsulates the
datagram for delivery to the mobile node
23Route Optimization in Mobile IP
- Triangular Routing
-
- Updating Binding Caches
- Managing Smooth Handoffs between FAs
24Security Issues
- There might be a breech of security if the
registration and Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) are not authentic. - Key management is strongly desired in order to
preclude many potential attacks based on the
Mobile IP registration protocol. However, this
would be hard to achieve due to the lack of a
network key management protocol. - Encryption or some other mechanisms can be used
to better protect important data.
25Mobile IPv6
- Route Optimization is built as a fundamental part
of Mobile IPv6 unlike Mobile IPv4 where it is an
optional set of extensions that may not be
supported by all nodes. - Foreign Agents are not needed in Mobile IPv6. The
enhanced features of IPv6 like Neighbor Discovery
and Address Autoconfiguration enable mobile nodes
to function in any location without the services
of any special router in that location.
26Mobile IPv6
- In Mobile IPv4, when a MN communicates with a CN,
it puts its home address as the source address of
the packet. Thus ingress filtering routers used
to filter out the packets as the source address
of the packet is different from the network from
which the packet originated. - This problem is tackled in Mobile IPv6 by putting
the care-of address as the source address and
having a Home Address Destination option,
allowing the use of the care-of address to be
transparent over the IP layer.
27Ns-Simulator
- Ns-simulator is an object-oriented, discrete
event driven network simulator written in C and
Otcl simulates variety of IP networks. - It implements network protocols such as TCP and
UPD, traffic source behavior such as FTP, Telnet. - Ns-Simulator also implements Mobile IP and some
of the MAC layer protocols for LAN and WAN
simulations.
28Network Animator (Nam)
- Nam is a Tcl / Tk based animation tool for
viewing network simulation traces and real world
packet traces. It supports topology layout,
packet level animation, and various data
inspection tools. - If we prefer a graphical interface to setup
network simulations, NAM supports a drag-and-drop
user interface. We can place network nodes, link
them together and define user agents and their
associated application or traffic generator. - NAM is useful for quickly building a network
topology.
29Working Example of Mobile IP
- This program, written in C checks for the
- location of MN in the given HN, FN_1 and FN_2
- The Home Network currently has nodes 1,3,5,7
- The First Foreign Network currently has nodes
2,4,6,8 - The Second Foreign Network currently has nodes
9,10,11,12 - Write the IP address of the corresponding node
(CN)
30Working Example of Mobile IP
- When IP Address for CN is given as 3
- the program gives the following o/p
- IP address of MN requested by CN to send the IP
packet is 9 - Home Agent doesn't find the Mobile Node in the
Home Network (HN) - The IP Address is tunneled to Care Of Address
(CoA) which finds the requested node in the
Second Foreign Network - Sender's IP Address detected by the Home Agent
and tunneled to CoA i.e CN is 3
31Working Example of Mobile IP
- When IP Address for CN is given as 11
- the program gives the following o/p
- The IP address of MN requested by the CN to send
the IP packet is 3 - Home Agent finds the Mobile Node in the Home
Network (HN) - Sender's IP Address detected by the Home Agent
is 11
32Working Example of Mobile IP
- When IP Address for CN is given as 5
- the program gives the following o/p
- The IP address of MN requested by the CN to send
the IP packet is 6 - Home Agent doesn't find the Mobile Node in Home
Network (HN) - The IP Address is tunneled to Care Of Address
(COA) which finds the requested node in the First
Foreign Network - Sender's IP Address detected by the Home Agent
and tunneled to COA i.e CN is 5