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Mobile Internet Protocol

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Automatic Home Agent discovery. Overview of Mobile IP. 3. Tunneling ... Forward Tunnel: Starts at the home agent, and ends at the mobile node's care-of-address. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Mobile Internet Protocol


1
Mobile Internet Protocol
  • The Internetworks And
  • The Working of the Mobile IP
  • Under the Guidance of
  • Prof. Khaled Elleithy
  • Submitted By
  • Sangeetha Duvva

2
Protocol
  • A protocol is set of rules and conventions used
    to impose a standardized, structured language for
    the communication between multiple parties.
  • A protocol suite (or protocol stack) is a set of
    many such layers, and is usually a part of the
    operating system kernel on machines connected to
    the Internet.

3
Internet Protocol
  • IP provides a connectionless, unreliable,
    best-effort packet delivery service.
  • IP is a network layer protocol.
  • IP is the standard that defines the manner in
    which the network layers of two hosts interact.
  • These hosts may be on the same network or reside
    on physically distinct heterogeneous networks.

4
Mobile Computing
  • Mobile Computing is becoming increasingly
    important due to the rise in the number of
    portable computers and the desire to have
    continuous network connectivity to the Internet
    irrespective of the physical location of the
    node.
  • IP requires the location of any host connected to
    the Internet to be uniquely identified by an
    assigned IP address.

5
Updated IP Requirements
  • A mobile node must be able to communicate with
    other nodes after changing its link-layer point
    of attachment to the Internet, yet without
    changing its IP address.
  • A mobile node must be able to communicate with
    other nodes that do not implement mobility
    functions.

6
Need for the Mobile IP Design
  • IP address of a host consists of two parts
  • (i) The higher order bits of the address
    determine the network on which the host resides
  • (ii) The remaining low-order bits determine the
    host number.
  • IP decides the next-hop by determining the
    network information from the destination IP
    address of the packet.

7
Need for the Mobile IP Design
  • On the other hand, higher level layers like TCP
    maintain information about connections that are
    indexed by a quadruplet containing the IP
    addresses of both the endpoints and the port
    numbers
  • Thus, while trying to support mobility on the
    Internet under the existing protocol suite, we
    are faced with two mutually conflicting
    requirements

8
Need for the Mobile IP Design
  • (i) a mobile node has to change its IP address
    whenever it changes its point of attachment, so
    that packets destined to the node are routed
    correctly,
  • (ii) to maintain existing TCP connections, the
    mobile node has to keep its IP address the same.
    Changing the IP address will cause the connection
    to be disrupted and lost.

9
What is Mobile IP?
  • Mobile IP is an internet protocol designed to
    support host mobility.
  • Mobile IP, the standard proposed by IETF, is
    designed to enable mobile computers to stay
    connected to the Internet regardless of their
    location and without changing their IP address.
  • Mobile IP is a standard protocol that builds on
    the Internet Protocol by making mobility
    transparent to applications and higher level
    protocols like TCP.

10
What is Mobile IP?
  • It solves the problem by allowing each mobile
    node to have two IP addresses and by
    transparently maintaining the binding between the
    two addresses.
  • One of the IP addresses is the permanent home
    address that is assigned at the home network and
    is used to identify communication endpoints.
  • The other is a temporary care-of address that
    represents the current location of the host.

11
Main Goals of Mobile IP
  • To make mobility transparent to the higher level
    protocols
  • To make minimum changes to the existing Internet
    infrastructure
  • To provide the host stay connected to the
    internet regardless of their location.

12
Features of Mobile IP
  • No geographical limitations
  • No physical connection required
  • Modifications to other routers and hosts is not
    required
  • No modifications to the current IP address and IP
    address format
  • Supports security

13
Glossary of Terms
  • Foreign Network
  • Home Network
  • Mobile Node
  • Correspondent Node
  • Visited Network
  • Foreign Agent
  • Home Agent
  • Mobility Agent
  • Home Address

14
Glossary of Terms
  • Care-of Address
  • Foreign Agent care-of address
  • Co-located care-of address
  • Primary Care-of address
  • Binding
  • Mobility Binding
  • Tunnel
  • Encapsulation
  • Minimal encapsulation

15
Glossary of Terms
  • Route optimization
  • Mobility Security Association
  • Security Parameter Index (SPI)
  • Virtual Network
  • Visitor List

16
Overview of Mobile IP
  • 1. Discovering the Care-of-Address
  • Agent Advertisement
  • Agent Discovery
  • Foreign Agent Care-of-Address
  • Co-located Care-of-Address

17
Overview of Mobile IP
  • 2. Registering the Care-of-Address
  • Registration request
  • Redirection
  • Registration lifetime
  • Automatic Home Agent discovery

18
Overview of Mobile IP
  • 3. Tunneling the Care-of-Address
  • Forward Tunnel Starts at the home agent, and
    ends at the mobile node's care-of-address.
  • Reverse Tunnel Starts at the mobile node's
    care-of address and terminates at the home agent.

19
Minimal Encapsulation Protocol
  • Care-of-address of the mobile node becomes the
    destination address of the IP packet and the home
    agent's address becomes the source address.
  • Minimal forwarding header stores the original
    source and destination addresses.
  • When the foreign agent tries to decapsulate, it
    simply restores the fields in the forwarding
    header to the IP header and removes the
    forwarding header.

20
Outline of Operations of Mobile IP
  • Mobility agents (i.e., foreign agents and home
    agents) advertise their presence via Agent
    Advertisement messages.
  • A MN receives these Agent Advertisements and
    determines whether it is on its HN or a FN
  • When the MN detects that it is located on its HN,
    it operates without mobility services.

21
Outline of Operations of Mobile IP
  • When a MN detects that it has moved to a FN, it
    obtains a care-of address on the FN
  • MN operating away from home then registers its
    new CoA with its HA through exchange of a
    Registration Request and Registration Reply
    message with it, possibly via a FA.
  • Datagrams sent to the MNs home address are
    intercepted by its HA, tunneled by the HA to
    the MNs CoA, received at the tunnel endpoint
    (either at a FA or at the MN itself), and finally
    delivered to the MN.

22
Responsibilities of MN, HA and FA
  • MNs main responsibility is generally to listen
    for agent advertisements and initiate the
    registration when a change in its network
    connectivity is detected.
  • HAs main responsibility is generally to process
    and coordinate mobility services.
  • FAs main responsibility is generally to relay a
    registration request and reply between the home
    agent and the mobile node, and decapsulates the
    datagram for delivery to the mobile node

23
Route Optimization in Mobile IP
  • Triangular Routing
  • Updating Binding Caches
  • Managing Smooth Handoffs between FAs

24
Security Issues
  • There might be a breech of security if the
    registration and Address Resolution Protocol
    (ARP) are not authentic.
  • Key management is strongly desired in order to
    preclude many potential attacks based on the
    Mobile IP registration protocol. However, this
    would be hard to achieve due to the lack of a
    network key management protocol.
  • Encryption or some other mechanisms can be used
    to better protect important data.

25
Mobile IPv6
  • Route Optimization is built as a fundamental part
    of Mobile IPv6 unlike Mobile IPv4 where it is an
    optional set of extensions that may not be
    supported by all nodes.
  • Foreign Agents are not needed in Mobile IPv6. The
    enhanced features of IPv6 like Neighbor Discovery
    and Address Autoconfiguration enable mobile nodes
    to function in any location without the services
    of any special router in that location.

26
Mobile IPv6
  • In Mobile IPv4, when a MN communicates with a CN,
    it puts its home address as the source address of
    the packet. Thus ingress filtering routers used
    to filter out the packets as the source address
    of the packet is different from the network from
    which the packet originated.
  • This problem is tackled in Mobile IPv6 by putting
    the care-of address as the source address and
    having a Home Address Destination option,
    allowing the use of the care-of address to be
    transparent over the IP layer.

27
Ns-Simulator
  • Ns-simulator is an object-oriented, discrete
    event driven network simulator written in C and
    Otcl simulates variety of IP networks.
  • It implements network protocols such as TCP and
    UPD, traffic source behavior such as FTP, Telnet.
  • Ns-Simulator also implements Mobile IP and some
    of the MAC layer protocols for LAN and WAN
    simulations.

28
Network Animator (Nam)
  • Nam is a Tcl / Tk based animation tool for
    viewing network simulation traces and real world
    packet traces. It supports topology layout,
    packet level animation, and various data
    inspection tools.
  • If we prefer a graphical interface to setup
    network simulations, NAM supports a drag-and-drop
    user interface. We can place network nodes, link
    them together and define user agents and their
    associated application or traffic generator.
  • NAM is useful for quickly building a network
    topology.

29
Working Example of Mobile IP
  • This program, written in C checks for the
  • location of MN in the given HN, FN_1 and FN_2
  • The Home Network currently has nodes 1,3,5,7
  • The First Foreign Network currently has nodes
    2,4,6,8
  • The Second Foreign Network currently has nodes
    9,10,11,12
  • Write the IP address of the corresponding node
    (CN)

30
Working Example of Mobile IP
  • When IP Address for CN is given as 3
  • the program gives the following o/p
  • IP address of MN requested by CN to send the IP
    packet is 9
  • Home Agent doesn't find the Mobile Node in the
    Home Network (HN)
  • The IP Address is tunneled to Care Of Address
    (CoA) which finds the requested node in the
    Second Foreign Network
  • Sender's IP Address detected by the Home Agent
    and tunneled to CoA i.e CN is 3

31
Working Example of Mobile IP
  • When IP Address for CN is given as 11
  • the program gives the following o/p
  • The IP address of MN requested by the CN to send
    the IP packet is 3
  • Home Agent finds the Mobile Node in the Home
    Network (HN)
  • Sender's IP Address detected by the Home Agent
    is 11

32
Working Example of Mobile IP
  • When IP Address for CN is given as 5
  • the program gives the following o/p
  • The IP address of MN requested by the CN to send
    the IP packet is 6
  • Home Agent doesn't find the Mobile Node in Home
    Network (HN)
  • The IP Address is tunneled to Care Of Address
    (COA) which finds the requested node in the First
    Foreign Network
  • Sender's IP Address detected by the Home Agent
    and tunneled to COA i.e CN is 5
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