AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Using Chicago Manual of Style

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AVOIDING PLAGIARISMUsing Chicago Manual of
Style
The Learning Resource Center Loyola Marymount
University presents a tutorial on
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What is plagiarism?
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Deliberate Plagiarism

• Copying or buying a paper
• Recycling one of your papers from another class
• Using information (ideas, words,
  passages) from another source without
  acknowledging (citing) that source

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Unintentional Plagiarism

• Paraphrasing that is too close to the original
  (patchwriting), even when you cite the source
• Copying and pasting online sources into your
  paper and
• Forgetting to name the source

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What is a source?

• Any print material books, journals, magazines,
  newspapers, ads, etc.

• Any electronic or nonprint material
• online journals, web sites, email, TV,
  films, plays, songs, speech, lecture, etc.

Cite me!
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• What kind of information isnt necessary to
  acknowledge?

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• COMMON KNOWLEDGE
• Information that is found in 4-5 other sources
  without being cited

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Common knowledge a general reader knows

• Examples
• Failure of sub prime mortgages played a large
  role in the economic downturn of 2008.
• Clean energy sources include biopower, solar
  electricity, wind power and fuel cells.

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Common knowledge in a
specific field

• Examples
• Some members of the peasant class benefited from
  the population losses of the Black Death in the
  fourteenth century. (common knowledge in the
  field of history)
• The divinity of Jesus was fiercely debated during
  the first four centuries of Christianity. (common
  knowledge in the field of theology)

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Information that someone could easily locate.

• Examples
• The electric utility industry is the largest
  source of pollution in our country.
• Fr. Lawton has been president of LMU since 1999.

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results from your own research interviews,
surveys, observations, data, etc.
Dont cite

• your personal views and
  interpretations

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• What kind of
• information requires
• acknowledging
• the source?

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Direct quotations incorporating another persons
ideas exactly word for word into your paper.

• Cynthia Hahn claims a reevaluation of Joseph as
  powerful and dignified pater familias will lead
  to an understanding of the triptych as a vision
  of the sacral quality of marriage and the
  family.¹
• Stanley Milgrams 1964 experiment on obedience
  found, Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs,
  and without any particular hostility on their
  part, can become agents in a terrible destructive
  process.²

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Paraphrased facts or statistical information from
other sources that most people wouldnt know or
easily locate.

• The average person must see a television
  commercial at least seven times before they
  actually remember viewing the commercial.³

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Claims, arguments, theories, interpretations of
others that you have paraphrased or summarized.

• Baldwins work explores negative representations
  of peasants in medieval paintings.³
• The term ESL needs to be reconsidered in light
  of the multitude of experiences second language
  writers bring to the composition classroom.²

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Ideas from others via personal communication such
as a professor, friend, acquaintance.

• According to Prof. Blystone from a lecture on
  February 9, 2005, the notion of the deity
  determines all practices in the culture.

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How do I avoid plagiarizing unintentionally?

• Skillfully integrating sources into your writing
  is not easy. Achieving a balance between
  presenting the ideas of others and your own
  interpretations is what entering the academic
  community is all about.
• As you write more papers in your major, you will
  become more knowledgeable in the subject matter
  and able to summarize and restate others ideas
  more easily.
• In the meantime, follow some dos and donts and
  you wont be guilty of plagiarism.

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DO

• Pre-read before reading. Scan the introduction,
  section headings and conclusion before you start
  reading to get an overview.
• Take notes or highlight the thesis, main ideas
  and interesting information pertinent to your
  research.
• Be sure to clearly indicate in your note-taking
  when you are adding your comments of the material
  read.
• Write a summary IN YOUR OWN WORDS when finished
  reading and taking notes.

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DO

• Copy direct quotations exactly from the original
  source, word for word. Use quotation marks. Note
  the page number!
• Keep track of all bibliographic information
  author, title, subtitle, journal, magazine,
  volume, dates of publication, webpage, database,
  complete page numbers of journal articles, and
  the date you retrieved the information.

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DONT

• Copy a passage and change only an occasional word
  here and there. This is called patchwriting and
  qualifies as plagiarism even if you cite the
  source.
• Cut and paste material directly into your paper
  without summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting.
• Forget to cite!

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• What exactly is
• summarizing
• and paraphrasing?

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Summarizing is

• Restating information in your own words in a
  shortened version.
• Include the thesis or central argument and
  supporting main ideas of the author.
• Do not add your opinions in the middle of
  summarizing unless it is clear your ideas are not
  the original authors. Reintroduce the authors
  name to clarify any ambiguity to the reader.

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Paraphrasing is

• A restatement of the original passage in your
  own words.
• Only sentences or paragraphs are paraphrased.
  More information should be summarized.
• To avoid patchwriting, it is best to set the
  original source aside and then write your
  understanding of the authors ideas.
• Always check your paraphrase against the original
  for accuracy. You do not want to misrepresent the
  author.

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Example of a ParaphraseTaken from the Purdue
University Online Writing Lab.http//owl.english.
purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/

• The original passage
• Students frequently overuse direct quotation in
  taking notes, and as a result they overuse
  quotations in the final research paper.
  Probably only about 10 of your final manuscript
  should appear as directly quoted matter.
  Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount
  of exact transcribing of source materials while
  taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research
  Papers. 2nd ed. 1976. 46-47.
• A legitimate paraphrase
• In research papers students often quote
  excessively, failing to keep quoted material down
  to a desirable level. Since the problem usually
  originates during note taking, it is essential to
  minimize the material recorded verbatim.¹

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Example of Patchwriting

• The original passage
• Students frequently overuse direct quotation in
  taking notes, and as a result they overuse
  quotations in the final research paper.
• Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd
  ed. 1976. 46.
• Plagiarized paraphrase (patchwriting)
• - Students oftentimes rely on direct quotes when
  note taking consequently, they use too many
  quotations in the final paper (Lester 46).

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THE ONLY WAY TO AVOID THE BIG P!

• For both paraphrasing and summarizing, it is
  imperative that you understand completely the
  material. It may take 2 or 3 readings to reach
  the point where you can restate in your own words
  what was meant in the original source.
• Practice Exercises in Paraphrasing
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/02/

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Still confused?

• OK, so now you know how to avoid plagiarizing.
  Are you still a little confused about how to cite
  the sources you used?
• There is more than one style used to cite
  sources.
• The fields of history, art history, philosophy
  and theology often use Chicago Manual of Style.
• The following resources will help you document
  your sources using Chicago Manual of Style.

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Helpful Resources

• Chicago Manual of Style online
• http//www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
• Library Link http//www.lmu.edu/Page4136.aspx
• LRC links quoting/paraphrasing and Bibliography
  list
• Writing handbooks such as Diana Hackers, Rules
  for Writers provide information on all
  documentation styles including Chicago Manual of
  Style.
• Writing tutors are available in the LRC. Call
  310-338-2847.