Imperialism in Africa

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Imperialism in Africa Asia New
Imperialism1815-1915God! Glory! Gold!
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Imperialism

• The domination by one nation (which is stronger)
  of another nation ( which is weaker)

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Causes of New Imperialism

• Industrialization in Europe competition for raw
  materials markets
• Capital Investment places needed to invest
  surplus capital from profits
• Population growth in Europe seeking a place to
  resettle some of the people

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Causes of New Imperialism

• Nationalism The Sun Never Sets on the British
  Empire

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Causes of New Imperialism

• The White Mans Burden
• Racism, Elitism, Social Darwinism
• Take up the white mans burden..
• Rudyard Kipling

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Causes of New Imperialism

• Technological Advances machine guns, artillery,
  steamships, quinine, vaccines, medicines
  telegraph all play a role

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Different forms of Imperialism

• Political Imperialism
• Direct Rule the actual administration of
  government by representatives of the imperial
  power usually supported by military civil
  service
• Indirect Rule ruling through some cooperating
  native ruler or rulers who profit from the
  relationship, e.g. a Raj in India

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Different forms of Imperialism

• Economic Imperialism domination of the economy
  and trade of the weaker nation. In fact, this
  also affects political decisions and, therefore,
  sovereignty

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Different forms of Imperialism

• Sphere of influence an area over which a
  powerful nation claims a vital interest , in
  reality, claims the right to exert dominance in
  political and economic matters. e.g. spheres of
  influence in China
• Protectorate a stronger nation protects a
  weaker nation from others it still has great
  influence over the affairs of the protected
  nation, but the nation keeps its sovereignty

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Imperialists usually..

• Substituted the local government system, legal
  system and education system with their own
• Substituted local economic practices with their
  own e.g. land ownership, trade
• Substituted local cultural practices e.g.
  language, dress, social customs
• Sometimes brutally, sometimes using a sympathetic
  local group

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The Scramble for Africa

• Various nations sought to gain control over parts
  of Africa
• England
• - France
• Italy
• Germany
• Belgium
• Portugal
• Dutchmen

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Pre-Imperial (1870) Africa Looked Like This
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1914 Africa Looked Like This
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The Berlin Conference 1884-85 The Partition of
Africa

• Called by Bismarck
• 15 European nations sat down to
• partition Africa
• Rights traditions of African kingdoms
  peoples were ignored
• An effort to avoid confrontation between
  European powers

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Berlin Conference Rules

• The European power with holdings on the coastline
  had prior rights in the back country
• Occupation had to be real, i.e., settlers,
  soldiers, administrators
• A European power was required to give proper
  notice of its intention to move into an area

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19th c. British Imperialism in Africa Cape to
Cairo was a British Ambition
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David Livingstone the Dark Continent

• A Scottish Missionary who went to Africa to
  Spread the Gospel and to explore the Sub
  Saharan area - the first white man to do this
• He remained in Africa, learning languages
  customs, teaching treating Africans medically
  well-received by the Africans
• He encouraged others to follow in his footsteps
  and chart the Dark Continent

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Henry Stanley

• A British/American Journalist who went to Africa
  in search of Livingstone when it appeared that he
  had been lost. Livingstone had traveled inland
  to find the source of the Nile
• His discovery of Livingstone newspaper stories
  inspired widespread economic, political and
  cultural interest in Africa.
• Stanley himself, signed on with King Leopold II
  of Belgium to help Belgium establish a colony in
  Africa, The Belgian Congo

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Dr. Livingstone, I presume.
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Cecil Rhodes in Africa a diamond
tycoon dreamed of Cape to Cairo railroad
painting Africa British red tricked
African leaders into giving him valuable
diamond land left his fortune to
philanthropy
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Confrontations in Africa Boers (Dutch) in South
Africa
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British Diamond mines in South AfricaDiamonds
were at the heart of the conflict
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British gold mines in South Africa
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The Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902)

• Resulted from conflict between the Dutch settlers
  in South Africa (Boers) who resented the British
  as newcomers and the British. They fought over
  the gold and diamonds discovered there.
• The British won. but allowed the Boers to
  maintain civil rights.

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The Boer War The Boers

• The Boers were largely farmers
• Used guerilla warfare tactics for early victories
• Could not match the strength of the British Empire

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The Boer War The British
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British Tactics in Boer War

• All Boer women children to concentration camps
• Scorched earth policy
• Transport prisoners to other colonies
• Starvation was not uncommon

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The Empire rallied to aid Britain

• Troops came from Canada, Australia, New Zealand
  India
• Eventually, greater military might gave victory
  to the British
• Boers kept civil rights regained control over
  much of central southern South Africa in the
  Transvaal Orange Free State
• Canadian troops gtgtgtgtgt

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Fashoda (Egyptian Sudan) 1898

• British wanted a land link from Cape to Cairo,
  from southern eastern African colonies up to
  Egypt (north-south)
• French wanted a land link of their colonies in
  northern western Africa through central Africa
  (east-west)
• Marchands French army occupied the fort at
  Fashoda, but the British wanted it
• Potential for clash of 2 imperial powers their
  conflicting ambitions the brink of war
• French conceded the watershed of the Nile
  separated the two spheres of influence

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The Suez Crisis

• Suez Canal was vital to British trade
• Britain purchased shares in the Suez Canal
  Company from the broke Khedive of Egypt
• British France were prepared to defend the
  Canal against financial problems Egyptian
  nationalists
• 1888 European nations unite to keep the Canal
  free open to every vessel of commerce
• 1914 Egypt became a protectorate of England

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Asia Affected by Imperialism too
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The Opium Wars in China

• China sought to stop Britain from shipping Opium
  to China
• To Britain, it was good revenue filled ships
  that had delivered tea to India
• Crushing defeat for China
• Treaty of Nanking opened 5 ports to Britain, gave
  Hong Kong to Britain

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China sought to remain aloof

• England, France, Russia US all established
  spheres of influence
• They demanded a more open trade policy
• Britain wanted recognition for its diplomats
• Also sought, got, extraterritoriality British
  lawbreakers in China were to be tried by British
  courts in British law

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900(Righteous Order of
Harmonious Fists)

• Boxers opposed presence of foreigners, rioted
  killed Europeans
• Approved by Empress Dowager
• Japan, Britain, Russia, France, Germany US sent
  troops
• China to pay huge indemnity

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Admiral Perry Japan

• Japan sought to avoid contact with the West
• 1853 Admiral Perry (USA) entered Tokyo harbour
  with 4 battleships, inviting Japanese to open
  up
• Implied threat was known as gunboat diplomacy
• To avoid same treatment as China, Japan had a
  more Open Door policy, though still quite
  restrictive to foreigners

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British India
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Sepoy Mutiny 1857-58

• Sepoys Indian riflemen in British army units
• Enfield cartridges greased with fat (cow pig)
  offensive to Hindu Muslim
• Troops mutinied, killed British officers,
• targeted foreigners, killing many laying
  siege to British garrisons, e.g. Lucknow

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British Response to the Mutiny

• British forces sent to reclaim India
• Bring divine justice to black-faced,
  blood-crazed savages
• The Times of London Execute every mutineer

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The Devils Wind (British Retaliation)

• Whole villages hanged for sympathizing
• Blown to bits to deny entry to paradise
• divine justice God is on our side

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Other imperialists

• French (French Indochina Laos, Cambodia,
  Vietnam), French Africa, islands in the
  Caribbean, Tahiti
• Russia (Siberia, plus spheres of influence in
  Manchuria Korea)
• USA (Guam, Philippines, Cuba Puerto Rico from
  Spain, Samoa other Pacific Islands, annexed
  Hawaii in 1899)
• Japan (Taiwan, Korea Manchuria as a sphere of
  influence)

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Impact of Imperialism

• EUROPEAN COUNTRIES THEIR POSSESSIONS
•   WORLD LAND MASS
• 1800 55
• 1878 67
• 1914 84

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Positive Legacy of ImperialismThe Benefits

• Infrastructure Development Ports, roads,
  railroads
• Advantages of European institutions schools,
  hospitals, legal systems
• Economic Development of Resources

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Negative Legacy of ImperialismThe Disadvantages

• Exploitation of native populations for cheap
  labour
• Resources were exported to advantage of Europe
  some depleted
• Dependency economic systems
• Later, no preparation for independence
• Devaluation of traditional cultures
• Long Term Legacy of Poverty in the World Economic
  System
• Led to Independence movements after WWII, some
  peaceful, others like Mau Mau in Kenya