Imperialism 1880-1914

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Imperialism1880-1914

• Chapter 26

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Old Imperialism 16th-18th Centuries

• Old Imperialism in the Old World Africa and
  Asia
• The Europeans did not usually acquire territory
  in Africa and Asia
• Generally they worked through existing local
  authorities with trading posts

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Old Imperialism in the Old World

• The Portuguese established a series of trading
  posts along the west coast of Africa, India,
  Indonesia
• The Spice Trade
• The slave Trade

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Old Imperialism in the Old World

• The Netherlands established trading posts in
  Indonesia and Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
• Europeans in Asia respected and often cooperated
  with local rulers in India, China, Japan,
  Indonesia
• Trade generally flourished between Europeans and
  the locals

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Old Imperialism in the New World was Different

• Spain established a huge empire in Central and
  South America and claimed large portions of
  western North America
• Native Americans were exploited

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Old Imperialism in the New World

• Portugal established Brazil as a sugar colony and
  imported massive numbers of slaves from Africa
• France established a colony in present-day Canada
  as well as sugar colonies in the Caribbean

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Old Imperialism in the New World

• England colonized the east coast of North America
  and several islands in the Caribbean as sugar
  colonies

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European Migration

• Between 1815-1932 more than 60 million people
  left Europe
• Migrants went mostly to European-inhabited areas
  
• North and South America
• Australia
• New Zealand and Siberia

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European Migration

• Immigrants took part in westward expansion
• Most were from poor, rural areas (but not the
  poorest)

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The New Imperialism1880s Africa and Asia

• In 1800 Europeans controlled about 7 of the
  worlds territory.
• By 1914 they controlled 84
• England controlled 25 of the worlds population
  and 20 of the worlds territory by 1900

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The New Imperialism

• Europeans used military force in Africa and Asia.
• They took control of local governments
• Exploited local economies for raw materials
• Imposed Western values to benefit the backward
  colonies
• Britains control of Egypt in the 1880s became
  the model for the new imperialism

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Major Causes for Imperialism

• Search for new markets and raw materials
• The Industrial Revolution created a surplus of
  goods
• Capitalists sought new markets

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Causes for Imperialism

• Often, colonists were too poor to purchase
  European-made goods
• Germanys trade with her colonies represented
  only 1 of her total international trade
• France imported more from her colonies than she
  sold

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Causes for Imperialism

• The Search for Raw Materials
• The Congo Ivory and rubber
• South Africa Diamonds
• Niger Cocoa
• China and Ceylon Tea
• India cotton
• Indonesia Spices

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Missionary Work

• Mid-19th Century strong current of religious
  revivalism in Western Europe
• Especially among middle class
• New emphasis on spreading Christianity to Africa
  and Asia

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Missionary Work

• More successful in sub-Saharan Africa than in
  Asia and Islamic North Africa
• Dr. David Livingston first white man to do
  humanitarian and religious work in south and
  central Africa
• H.M. Stanley found Livingston (thought dead) and
  his newspaper reports spurred interest in Africa
  (King of Belgium and the Congo)

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European Conflicts over Colonies

• New military and naval bases to protect one
  countrys interests from another European country
• Tensions between Haves (Britain) and Have-nots
  (Germany, Italy)

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The Ideology of Imperialism

• Social Darwinism Herbert Spenser rationalized
  the conquest of weak countries by stronger more
  civilized ones
• Justified military conquest survival of the
  fittest

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Ideology of Imperialism

• White Mans Burden racist and patronizing view
  that preached superior Westerners had an
  obligation to bring their culture to
  uncivilized peoples in other parts of the world
• To Protect and Improve
• To Uplift and Christianize
• From a poem by Rudyard Kipling

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The New Imperialism

• Germany and Russia used imperialistic drives to
  divert the publics attention from the class
  struggle at home and to create a false sense of
  national unity

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The Scramble for Africa

• 1880 Europeans controlled 10 of Africa
• 1914 controlled all but Liberia and Ethiopia

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Colonial Africa
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Scramble for Africa

• Began late 1870s with Belgiums King Leopold II
  in the Congo
• Early 1880s Britains conquest of Egypt be-came
  the model
• 1884-1885 The Berlin Conference established the
  rules for Europeans carving up Africa

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Belgian Congo

• 1879 King Leopold II hired H.M. Stanley
  (British-American journalist who located
  Livingston) to make treaties with African chiefs
  giving control of the Congo to Leopold
• Was his personal playground
• Recognized as such in 1884 by the Berlin
  Conference

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The Belgian Congo

• Quest for rubber and ivory
• Natives treated savagely atrocities
• Twain, Arthur Conan Doyle spoke out
• The Belgian Parliament horrified and took the
  colony away from the king 1908 and it became a
  Belgian colony

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Egypt The Model

• By 1849 Egypt was a strong independent state
• Led by Turkish general Muhammad Ali
• 1875 Brits bought a portion of shares of the
  Suez Canal and began to manage it
• 1883 The Brits declared Egypt a protectorate
• Technically, Egypt still part of Ottoman Empire
  but the Brits controlled the country
• Egypt not freed until 1956

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The Berlin Conference 1884-85

• Sponsored by Bismarck and Jules Ferry
• To prevent European conflict
• Germany teamed up with France here to play France
  and Britain against each other
• Coincided with Germanys rise as an imperial
  power
• Resulted in The Scramble for Africa

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The Berlin Conference The Rules

• No Imperial power could claim a territory in
  Africa unless it effectively controlled that
  territory
• Slavery and the Slave trade in Africa was
  terminated (right)