The Reformation

1
The Reformation

• Mr. Oberholtzer
• A-36

2
Origins of the Reformation

• Papal conflict with kings
• Great Schism Avignon Rome are rival papal
  capitals for 70 years
• Church Practices
• indulgences
• landholding
• corruption

3
Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• Born into a mining family
• well educated, originally in law, later in
  theology
• became a monk in an Augustinian order
• became professor of scriptural theology in 1512
  at the University of Wittenberg
• Bothered by church practices that diminished its
  moral authority

4
Ideas of Martin Luther

• Studied letters of Paul to discover the source of
  salvation
• Salvation between God and man is through faith
  only there is no need for an intermediary
• Believers can pray directly to God
• Individual can have a personal relationship with
  God
• No need for formal church and sacraments
• Bible is the ultimate authority, not the church
• Only God can forgive sins indulgences are
  immoral, illegal and improper!

5
Luthers Split with the Church

• October 31, 1517- Luther posted his 95 Theses to
  the door of the church at Wittenberg containing
  his differences with the Catholic Church
• issued a call for debate, not a split
• expressed the need for reform
• attacked the sale of indulgences directly
• Luthers words are translated from Latin to
  German and spread throughout Europe creates a
  firestorm of protest against the Church

6
Results of Luthers Protest

• Luther is excommunicated
• Lutheran church is founded, the first protestant
  denomination
• Protestantism dominates Northern Europe with help
  from German nobility and the printing press

7
John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Predestination--all humanity is too sinful to be
  worthy, yet God saves a select few while damning
  the rest
• People who are saved are called The Elect of God
• Purpose in life was to honor God, not to seek
  salvation for self!
• Salvation comes through work and virtuous living
  no gambling, prostitution, dancing, frivolous
  behavior, licentiousness
• Calvinism formed the basis of Puritanism and the
  inspiration for Protestant sect known for
  asceticism like the Amish, Mennonites and Shakers

8
Anabaptists

• Made up of poor, urban people distrustful of the
  church
• Follow the Bible literally
• Baptism for adults, not children
• Took no oaths, fought in no wars, were pacifists,
  refused to perform public services, antisocial
  behavior
• Were widely persecuted!

9
Anglican Church

• Started by Henry VIII
• Act of Supremacy (1534) made Henry the head of
  the Church of England
• Henry broke with Rome to divorce his wife

10
Counter Reformation

• Promoted by Erasmus
• Reforms by the Catholic Church
• Council of Trent (1545-1563) called by Pope Paul
  III
• ended Simony and indulgences
• created the Jesuits to guard the faith
• allowed for further reforms to compete with the
  Protestants!

11
Effects of the Reformation

• Spread of Democratic Ideas
• Spread of Representative government
• Spread of education
• Magnified importance of lay people in the church
• Importance of work, thrift and profits led to a
  strong, vital middle class basis of strong
  economic habits