Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

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Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders
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Abnormal Behavior

• The medical model
• What is abnormal behavior?
• Deviant
• Maladaptive
• Causing personal distress
• A continuum of normal/abnormal

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Figure 14.2 Normality and abnormality as a
continuum
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Prevalence, Causes, and Course

• Epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Lifetime prevalence
• Diagnosis
• Etiology
• Prognosis

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Figure 14.5 Lifetime prevalence of psychological
disorders
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PsychodiagnosisThe Classification of Disorders

• American Psychiatric Association
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders 4th ed. (DSM - 4)

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Five Axes

• Axis I Clinical Syndromes
• Axis II Personality Disorders or Mental
  Retardation
• Axis III General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
• Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning

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Axis I Clinical Syndromes

• Anxiety Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Schizophrenic Disorders

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Clinical Syndromes Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• free-floating anxiety
• Phobic disorder
• Specific focus of fear
• Panic disorder and agoraphobia
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
• Obsessions
• Compulsions
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders

• Biological factors
• Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
• GABA circuits in the brain
• Conditioning and learning
• Acquired through classical conditioning or
  observational learning
• Maintained through operant conditioning
• Cognitive factors
• Judgments of perceived threat
• Personality
• Neuroticism
• Stressa precipitator

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Figure 14.6 Twin studies of anxiety disorders
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Figure 14.7 Conditioning as an explanation for
phobias
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Figure 14.8 Cognitive factors in anxiety
disorders
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Clinical Syndromes Somatoform Disorders

• Somatization Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Hypochondriasis
• Etiology
• Reactive autonomic nervous system
• Personality factors
• Cognitive factors
• The sick role

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Figure 14.10 Glove anesthesia
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Clinical Syndromes Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative amnesia
• Dissociative fugue
• Dissociative identity disorder
• Etiology
• severe emotional trauma during childhood
• Controversy
• Media creation?

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Clinical Syndromes Mood Disorders

• Major depressive disorder
• Dysthymic disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Cyclothymic disorder
• Etiology
• Genetic vulnerability
• Neurochemical factors
• Cognitive factors
• Interpersonal roots
• Precipitating stress

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Figure 14.11 Episodic patterns in mood disorders
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Figure 14.13 Twin studies of mood disorders
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Figure 14.15 Negative thinking and prediction of
depression
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Figure 14.16 Interpersonal factors in depression
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Clinical Syndromes Schizophrenia

• General symptoms
• Delusions and irrational thought
• Deterioration of adaptive behavior
• Hallucinations
• Disturbed emotions
• Prognostic factors

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Subtyping of Schizophrenia

• 4 subtypes
• Paranoid type
• Catatonic type
• Disorganized type
• Undifferentiated type
• New model for classification
• Positive vs. negative symptoms

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Etiology of Schizophrenia

• Genetic vulnerability
• Neurochemical factors
• Structural abnormalities of the brain
• The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
• Expressed emotion
• Precipitating stress

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Figure 14.18 The dopamine hypothesis as an
explanation for schizophrenia
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Figure 14.20 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
of schizophrenia
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Personality Disorders

• Anxious-fearful cluster
• Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
• Dramatic-impulsive cluster
• Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
• Odd-eccentric cluster
• Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
• Etiology
• Genetic predispositions, inadequate socialization
  in dysfunctional families

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Table 14.2 Personality Disorders
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Psychological Disorders and the Law

• Insanity
• Mnaghten rule
• Involuntary commitment
• danger to self
• danger to others
• in need of treatment

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Figure 14.22 The insanity defense public
perceptions and actual realities
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Culture and Pathology

• Cultural variations
• Culture bound disorders
• Koro
• Windigo
• Anorexia nervosa