THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

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THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

• By F. Todd 2004

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First periodic table created by Dimitri Mendeleev
in 1869.
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CURRENT PERIODIC TABLE

• CONTAINS 113 ELEMENTS
• ORGANIZED INTO 7 PERIODS
• ORGANIZED INTO 18 FAMILIES/GROUPS

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PERIODS AND FAMILIES
THERE ARE 18 FAMILIES(GROUPS)
THERE ARE 7 PERIODS
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EXTENDED FAMILY METALS

• Have a high luster (are shiny) with most being
  silver/gray in color.
• Good conductors (carriers) of heat and
  electricity.
• Many have a high density
• Many are ductile (can be drawn into a wire form)
• Many are malleable (can be hammered into various
  shapes)
• High melting points.
• Majority of 113 elements are metals
• Most have 1-2 valence electrons.
• Metals hold onto electrons looselyallows them to
  form metallic bonds.

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FAMILY ALKALI METALS (GROUP 1)

• MOST REACTIVE OF METAL FAMILIES
• Salt like in texturecan be cut with a knife
• Low density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• They can harm the skin
• They have 1 valence electron
• Never found in the elemental form in nature.
  Always found as a compound with another element.
• They corrode very rapidly in air.
• Potassium and Sodium react very violently with
  water. They must be stored in kerosene or oil.

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ALKALI METALS (Group 1)
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Family ALKALINE METALSEARTH METALS (GROUP 2)

• SECOND MOST REACTIVE OF METAL FAMILIES
• Harder and more dense than Alkali metals.
• Never found in the elemental form in nature,
  always found as a compound.
• Contain 2 valence electrons.
• They react very easily, but not as active as
  alkali metals.
• Have a higher melting point than alkali metals.

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ALKALINE METALS (Group 2) Earth Metals
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EXTENDED FAMILY TRANSITION METALSGROUPS 3-12

• Most commonly used metals in everyday life.
• Excellent conductors of heat and electricity
• High melting points
• High density
• Most are very hard, some are brittle
• Most have 2 valence electrons
• Much less reactive than alkali and alkaline
  metals.
• Many combine with oxygen to form oxides.
• Many can be found in elemental form in nature as
  well as in compound form (colorful-gold,silver)
• Iron,cobalt, nickel can produce a magnetic field.

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EXTENDED FAMILY RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

• LANTHANIDE SERIES
• Metals are soft and malleable. Have a high
  luster and conductivity
• Used to make various alloys (mixture of metals)
  and high quality glass
• Contain 2 valence electrons.
• ACTINIDE SERIES
• After Uranium the rest are synthetic/man made in
  the lab.
• Contain 2 valence electrons
• Uraniumfuel for nuclear reactions

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TRANSITION METALS (Groups 3-12)
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EXTENDED FAMILY METALLOIDS

• Elements located along the dividing line between
  metals and non-metals.
• They have properties of both metals and
  non-metals.
• Metalloid means metal-like
• They conduct heat electricity better than
  non-metals-but not as good as metals
• They are ductile and malleable.
• They are all solids that can be shiny or dull.
• Vary in valence electrons from 3 to 7.
• Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony,
  Tellurium, Astatine

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EXTENDED FAMILY NON-METALS

• Elements located to the right of the dividing
  line on the periodic table.
• Can be solid, liquid, or gas
• Physical and Chemical properties are opposite
  those of metals.
• No luster, dull
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
• Not ductile or malleableMany are brittle.
• Lower densities melting points than metals
• Contain 4-8 valence electrons
• Will share electronsNot lose them. The positive
  nucleus will hold onto the electrons.

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FROM METALS TO NON-METALS

• Four families compose them. They have metals,
  non-metals, and metalloids.
• Families named after the first element in the
  group.
• Boron Family (Group 13)3 valence electrons (all
  metals except Boron) Aluminumoutstanding metal
• Carbon Family (Group 14)4 valence
  electronsforms over 5million compounds. Carbon
  basis of life compounds Siliconmetalloid that
  makes glass, sand, computer chips
• Nitrogen Family (Group 15)5 valence
  electronsthey will not give them up only share
  them. Nitrogen70 of air. Phosphorusnonmetal
  makes match tips.
• Oxygen Family (Group 16)6 valence
  electronsonly share electrons

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FAMILY HALOGENS

• MOST REACTIVE FAMILY OF THE NON-METALS
• Composed of 2 gases, 1 liquid 2 solids
• Halogen comes from 2 Greek words
• Halos (salt) and Genos (to form)
• Contains 7 valence electrons
• Most active Non-metal family
• Will gain or share 1 valence electron
• When halogens react with metals they form salts
• Sodium fluoride-used to fluoridate toothpaste
  water (prevent cavities)
• Calcium chlorideused to melt snow and ice
• Fluorine-most reactive element

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HALOGENS (Group 17)
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FAMILY NOBLE GASES

• LEAST REACTIVE FAMILY ON PERIODIC TABLE
• All are gases and make up the last family.
• All are present in various amounts in atmosphere
• Used in colored lights (Neonreddish orange)
• Helium balloons
• Called inert because they are not reactive
• Contain 8 valence electrons.

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NOBLE GASES (Group 18)