Intercollegiate Sport Governance

1

• Intercollegiate Sport Governance

2
Overview of Intercollegiate Athletics

• More than a thousand colleges and universities
  offer intercollegiate athletics.
• A colossal part of the sport industry in North
  America.
• Paradoxical appeal
• Exciting in nature
• Wrought with challenges/problems
• Consumer appeal continues to develop
• Despite many schools dropping sports programs

3
Identification

• National Collegiate Athletic Association
• National Association for Intercollegiate
  Athletics
• National Junior College Athletic Association
• National Small College Athletic Association
• National Christian College Athletic Association
• Why do we have so many associations?
• Who is affiliated with each of the associations?
• What is the main difference in their missions?

4
Establishment of Intercollegiate Athletics

• 1860s First Intercollegiate competitions
  (baseball, rowing, soccer)
• 1890s Winning at all costs (football) vs.
  academic focus
• 1895 Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty
  Rep. (eligibility, rules)
• 1906 - Intercollegiate Athletic Association of
  the US (IAAUS)
• 1910 - IAAUS renamed NCAA
• 1921 - First Championship (which sport?)
• 1950s IA becomes a business
• 1951 - Walter Byers hired as 1st Executive
  Director of NCAA
• 1973 - Divisions created according to
  institutional size in NCAA
• Today 88 championships in 23 sports in (NCAA)

5
The NCAAHistory, Development, Evolution

• 1905- structural discrepancies created in
  football resulting in numerous injuries and
  deaths
• Institutions wanted either changes in rules or
  removal of the game completely
• US President, Theodore Roosevelt, invited college
  athletic leaders to the White house for two
  conferences to encourage rule changes

6
The NCAAHistory, Development, Evolution

• December, 1905- Chancellor of NYU organized a
  meeting with 13 Institutions to start on changes
• This meeting ultimately lead to the 62-member
  formation of the IAAUS (Intercollegiate Athletic
  Association of the United States) which became
  official March 31st, 1906
• 1910- IAAUS adopted the current name NCAA
  (National Collegiate Athletic Association)

7
The NCAAHistory, Development, Evolution

• NCAA originated as only a discussion group and
  rules-making body
• 1921- 1st National Championship was conducted in
  the National Collegiate Track and Field
  Championships
• Rapid formation of rules committees and
  championships were developing

8
The NCAAHistory, Development, Evolution

• Concerning issues developed after WWII
• Showed an important need for full-time
  professional leadership
• 1951- Executive Director was named
• 1952- National headquarters was established with
  the formation of programs and annual Council

9
The NCAAHistory, Development, Evolution

• 1973- NCAA membership was divided into three
  divisions DI, DII, DIII
• 1978- Two subdivisions were formed (I-A and I-AA)
• 1981- Official Governance plan established for
  the administration of womens athletics programs,
  services, and representation
• 1997- A new authoritative structural development
  executed

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The NCAA is

• the national office
• 370 staff members
• Implement the rules and programs established by
  the membership.
• Administer 88 championships in 23 sports. More
  than 44,900 student-athletes annually compete for
  national titles.
• National office headquarters - Indianapolis,
  Indiana.

Myles Brand NCAA President
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The NCAA is

• the Association
• Members Staff
• The Association
• Bottom-up organization in which the members rule
  the Association.

12
NCAA Mission

• Made up of their core ideology which consists of
  two notions Purpose Values
• Core Purpose Our purpose is to govern
  competition in a fair, safe, equitable and
  sportsmanlike manner, and to integrate
  intercollegiate athletics into higher education
  so that the educational experience of the
  student-athlete is paramount.
• Core Values The Association through its
  member institutions, conferences and national
  office staff shares a belief in and commitment
  to
• The collegiate model of athletics in which
  students participate as an avocation, balancing
  their academic, social and athletics experiences.
• The highest levels of integrity and
  sportsmanship.
• The pursuit of excellence in both academics and
  athletics.

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How is the NCAA Structured?
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Executive Committee Eight I-A members from
Division I Board of Directors Two I-AA members
from Division I Board of Directors Two I-AAA
members from Division I Board of Directors Two
members from Division II Presidents Council Two
members from Division III Presidents Council Ex
Officio members NCAA President Chairs of
Divisions I, II and III Management Council
Association-wide Committees
Division I Board of Directors (presidents and
chancellors)
Division II Presidents Council (president and
chancellors)
Division III Presidents Council (presidents and
chancellors)
Division I Management Council (athletics
administrators faculty athletics representatives)
Division II Management Council (athletics
administrators faculty athletics representatives)
Division III Management Council (presidents and
chancellors, athletics administrators, faculty
athletics representatives and student-athletes)
Division I Committees and Cabinets
Division II Committees
Division III Committees
Sport and Rules Committees
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NCAA Division I Governance Structure (cont)
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Function

• NCAA
• Integrating intercollegiate athletics with higher
  education
• Emphasis on student athlete
• NAIA
• Enhancing education with intercollegiate sport
  participation
• An alternative for the big-time of the NCAA
• NJCAA
• Governing body for sport at the junior college
  level
• NCCAA
• Faith-based competition

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Authority

• NCAA, NAIA, NJCAA, and NCCAA
• All bottom-up organizations
• Members elect volunteers to represent colleges
  and college conferences in policy voting and
  decision-making. The job of the national office
  is not to run the NCAA, but to implement
  resolutions made by the collection of volunteer
  representatives. Any authority is given by the
  membership institutions.

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Requirements for Membership

• Members are institutions
• NCAA
• active institutions
• provisional institutions
• conferences
• affiliated organizations
• corresponding memberships
• NAIA
• active
• associate
• NJCAA
• membership application
• exclusive to community colleges
• NCCAA
• exclusive to religious institutions

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Sanctions and Appeals Process

• NCAA
• Secondary vs. major violation
• Infractions and appeals committee
• NAIA
• National Eligibility Committee
• National Conducts and Ethics Committee
• NCCAA
• National Eligibility Committee
• Administration Committee
• NJCAA
• National Office
• Executive Committee
• Independent Arbitration Service

20
Funding

• NCAA
• Television rights
• Championships
• Royalties
• Investments
• sales and services
• philanthropic contributions
• NAIA
• Similar to NCAA, but without high profile
  television coverage
• NJCAA
• Similar to NAIA
• Fundraising opportunities
• NCCAA
• Similar to NAIA
• Because of unique purpose, relies heavily on
  donations

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Intercollegiate Sport Issues

• Academic Eligibility
• Gender Equity
• Funding
• Gambling
• Performance Enhancement
• Drug Testing
• Rule Enforcement
• Amateurism
• Sport Agents
• Violence On and Off the Field

22
Academic Eligibility

• Academic standards for eligibility (the right to
  participate)
• Prior to college entry
• To maintain while in college

23
Legislation

• American Council on Education
• Bylaw 5-1-J (Proposition 48)
• Bylaw 14.3
• January 1983 NCAA Division I institution vote

24
Standards Prior to Entry

• NCAA vs. NAIA vs. NCCAA vs. NJCAA
• Each organization developed a distinct set of
  standards
• NCAA Initial Eligibility Clearinghouse
• association independent of the NCAA
• high school students register with association
• coaches contact the Clearinghouse for an
  athletes status
• NJCAA developing a system for both traditional
  and nontraditional students

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Standards After Entry and Throughout Eligibility

• NCAA vs. NAIA vs. NCCAA vs. NJCAA
• Each organization developed a distinct set of
  standards
• NCAA support staff
• academic centers tutors, advisors, etc.

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Gender Equity

• 1923 Canada Womens Intercollegiate Athletics
  Union
• 1967 U.S. Commission on Intercollegiate
  Athletics for Women
• 1971 AIAW Association of Intercollegiate
  Athletics for Women
• Provided national championships
• Ran by women for women
• NAIA first male-dominated organization to
  include female athletics

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NCAA vs. AIAW

• Sport organizations realized that female sport
  could be profitable
• The result hostile takeover
• NCAA lured members away from the AIAW
• Offered television coverage
• Cut institution costs to national team
  championships
• Failed lawsuit
• 1982 AIAW folded

28
Title IX

• Enacted by the United States Government on June
  23, 1972
• No person in the United States shall on the
  basis of sex, be excluded from participation in,
  be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
  discrimination under any education program or
  activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
  (Title IX, 2006)

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Enforcing Title IX

• After 1979 the three prong test
• An institution must provide athletic
  opportunities that reflect student enrollment
  numbers
• Must also demonstrate expansion for female
  athletic opportunities
• Provide full and effective accommodation of the
  interest and ability
• Today NCAA Task Force

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Title IX Has it Solved All Gender Inequalities
in Collegiate Sport?

• Sport availability
• Total participation opportunities
• Football and Ice hockey
• Budgets and coaching salaries
• Athletic department positions
• Senior administrative roles

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Is Exact Equality the Answer?

• If more males than females desire to participate,
  then why should funding, support and
  opportunities be equal?
• Program cuts
• Wrestling and mens track and field

32
Funding

• Finance Committee
• NCAA Employed
• Aids colleges in budgeting
• Levels the playing field
• Finance Committee Implemented Policies
• Max. roster size depending on sport
• Max. number of scheduled games
• Strict start and finish dates for practice
• Efficient scheduling

33
Gambling

• All four sport organizations share the same
  policy on gambling
• Zero-tolerance Gambling period
• Collegiate and otherwise
• Preserve sport integrity and reputation
• Protect students from dangers involved
• NCAA holds private educational meetings with
  Final Four participants

34
Performance Enhancement

• Nutritional vs. Performance Enhancing
• Stance on Performance Enhancing Supplements
• Abides by the banned lists
• Olympic, National/International Sport Federations
  
• Federation Internationale du Sport Universitaire
  (governs World University Games)
• Prohibits encouragement practices
• Attend mandatory educational meetings
• Sign consent forms demonstrating knowledge

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What is Banned?

• Stimulants
• Anabolic agents
• Diuretics
• Street drugs
• Urine manipulators

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Controlling Legal Supplementation

• 2000 NCAA banned university athletic programs
  from giving creatine to student athletes
• Caffeine
• Not banned out of competition
• High concentrations are banned in competition

37
Drug Testing

• 1986 first implementation
• Banned performance enhancing substances
• Illegal drugs, alcohol, etc.
• All associations test at championship
• Institution controls frequency throughout the
  year
• The National Center for Drug Free Sport
• Independent association administering drug tests
  for NCAA athletics

38
Rule Enforcement

• Prevention
• Education
• Athletes
• Administrators and coaches
• Compliance Department intercollegiate police
• Ensures all institutions abide by the rules
• Depth of the department depends on finances
• Are the compliance departments fully staffed to
  conduct a proper investigation?

39
Amateurism

• Intercollegiate sport organizations prominent
  amateur sport organizations
• Threats to collegiate amateurism
• Players want to play professionally out of high
  school
• Collegiate athletes cut eligibility short to play
  pro
• College coaches recruit foreign pro athletes
• Fall 2006 A change in NCAA Initial-Eligibility
  Clearinghouse
• Amateurism certification

40
The Rules

• An athlete may not
• Receive benefits from an agent of any kind
• Agree to be represented by an agent
• Have complied to the organized-competition
  rule.
• Had a contract with a professional team
• Received salary for participation
• Accepted prize money about actual and necessary
  expenses
• Played with professionals
• Participated in professional tryouts
• Practiced or competed with professional teams.

41
Sport Agents

• Sport Agents
• The middle men and women negotiating athletic
  contracts
• Potential for big pay
• NCAA takes a stance
• A student may not agree verbally or in writing
  to be represented by an athlete agent in the
  present or in the future for the purpose of
  marketing the student-athletes ability or
  reputation. (NCAA, 2006-2007 NCAA Division I
  Handbook)

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Violence On and Off the Field

• It is the responsibility of each institution to
  establish policies for sportsmanship and ethical
  conduct in intercollegiate athletics and b)
  educate. (NCAA, 2006-2007 NCAA Division I
  Handbook)
• University of Miami (FL.) and Florida
  International University football game

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