Reconstruction

1
Reconstruction

• During and After
• TheCivil War
• 1860--1877

2
What Slavery Did

• Produced cotton that fueled the Market Revolution
  and factories
• Created a distinctive social class (aristocracy
  without nobility)
• Shaped the economy, politics, race relations,
  religion, and laws of the entire country
• Spawned the greatest protest movement of the 19th
  century

3
Important Pre-Reconstruction Legislation

• Morrill Tariff 1861
• National Banking Act 1861
• Transcontinental Railroad Act 1862
• Homestead Act 1862
• Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
• (Purchase of Alaska 1867)Sewards folly

4
Pressure for Emancipation

• Danger from border states decreased
• Federal compensation
• Suspension of writ of habeas corpus
• Encouraged colonization of blacks in Caribbean
  and Central America
• Natural collapse of slavery
• Manpower needed for army increased
• 180,000 blacks served (1/5 of adult male black
  population under age 45)
• Not equal
• Less pay
• Construction jobs
• Manual labor
• White officers
• BUT
• Treated as equals under military law
• Learned to read and write
• Earned respect and possible advancement
• Insured the Union was an army of liberation

5
Emancipation

• 1862Lincoln encourages free black men to
  resettle in Haiti where they will be free from
  white prejudice
• March 1862federal compensation for states that
  began gradual program
• April 16, 1862slavery abolished in District of
  Columbia
• June 19, 1862--slavery excluded from all
  territories
• July 17, 1862liberated slaves of persons aiding
  in the rebellion
• July, 1862army no longer to help return fugitive
  slaves to owners
• September 22, 1862preliminary Emancipation
  Proclamation
• Restoration of Union primary
• Pay slaveowners for slaves
• Warning Jan. 1, 1863all people still
  considered slaves would be freed by the federal
  government
• Sec. of State Seward suggested waiting until a
  Union victory
• January 1, 1863Emancipation Proclamation
• All slaves residing in rebellious states, or
  portions of states in rebellion, are
  thenceforward and forever free.
• Did not free slaves in any state or area under
  Union control

6
Major Questions

• On what terms should the defeated Confederacy be
  reunited with the Union?
• Who should establish these termsthe Congress or
  the President?
• What system of labor should replace plantation
  slavery?
• What should be the place of blacks in the
  political and social life of the South and the
  nation at large?

7
Plans for Reconstruction

• Lincolns 10 Plan
• Proclamation of Amnestry and Reconstruction, Dec.
  8, 1863
• Presidential pardon to Southern whites who take
  an oath of allegiance to U.S. and accept
  abolition of slavery
• When 10 (number of voters in 1860) of white
  males over age 21 have taken oath the state can
  reestablish state government
• Immediate recognition and reinstatement of those
  governments
• Only Louisiana takes advantage of this offer
  before the end of the war.

8

• Presidential Reconstruction (Johnson)
• May 29, 1865
• Blanket amnesty to those who take oath of
  allegiance and accept 13th amendment abolishing
  slavery EXCEPT
• High-ranking Confederate officials and military
  officers
• Those with taxable property worth 20,000 or more
• (Traitors must be impoverishedThey must not
  only be punished, but their social power must be
  destroyed--AJ)
• Provision governors
• Excludes blacks and upper-class whites (yeoman
  farmers should be the backbone of the South)
• (White men alone should govern the South. AJ)
• Only white men who had received amnesty and taken
  the oath could vote
• Exempted persons must apply personally with the
  President for amnesty on an individual basis.

9
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction

• Radical Republicans
• House of Representatives
• Thaddeus Stevens
• George Julian
• James Ashley
• Senate
• Charles Sumner
• Ben Wade
• Henry Wilson
• Cabinet
• Sec of WarEdwin Stanton
• The Plan
• Dec. 1865 refused to seat Southern Congressmen
• 13th Amendmentabolishes all slavery
• Freedmans Bureau Act 1865Johnson vetoes
• Civil Rights Bill 1865Johnson vetoes
• 14th Amendment
• Reconstruction Acts of 1867
• 5 military Districts

10
Accomplishments of Radical Reconstruction

• All states readmitted
• Black suffrage and civil rights guaranteed (at
  least on federal level)
• Universal manhood suffrage
• Railroad networks (North, South, and
  Transcontinental)
• 600,000 southern students in public schools
• Roads, bridges, and buildings repaired
• Corruption in local, state, and federal
  government
• Tried to fight white terrorism (Civil Rights and
  KuKluxKlan Acts of 1870 and 1871)

11
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Congressional Acts
• March 2, 1867
• Military Reconstruction Act
• Command of Army Act
• Tenure of Office Act
• March 232nd Reconstruction Act (army registers
  voters
• July 193rd Reconstruction Act (determine
  eligibility of voters and remove elected
  officials)
• March 27, 1868removed power of Supreme Court to
  hear cases under the Military Reconstruction Act.
• Johnson questions constitutionality

12

• 1867 accusations against Johnson
• Affair with woman seeking Confederate pardons
• Public drunkenness
• Involved in plot to assassinate Lincoln
• August 12, 1867Johnson removed Sec. of War
  Stanton and replaces him with U.S. Grant
  (violation of Tenure of Office Act)
• February 24, 1868Congress files 11 articles of
  impeachment against President Andrew Johnson
• 8 violations of Tenure of Office Act when he
  removed Stanton and replaced him with Grant
  without Congressional approval
• 1 violation of the Command of the Army Act when
  he replaced Stanton with Grant without Sec. of
  War approval
• 2 violations for criticizing Congress and the law
  with inflamatory and scandalous language trying
  to obstruct Congressional will.
• March 5May 26Trial before the Senate
• Chief Justice Samuel P. Chase presides
• Vote 3519 (1 short of 2/3 needed)
• Deciding vote cast by Edmund Ross of Kansas
• Said it would degrade the office of the President
  and make it forever subservient to the Congress

13
Presidency of U.S. Grant (18691877)

• Great soldier, poor politician
• Grantismcorruption in politics, cronyism,
  scandal
• machine politics
• Tweed RingNew York
• ButlerismMassachusetts
• Gould, Fisk, and brother-in-law contrive to
  control the gold market (132--618)
• Credit Mobilier
• Whiskey Ring
• Sec of War accepts bribes from merchants trading
  with Indians on the Reservations
• Post Office kickbacks
• Personal secretary involved with bribery of tax
  collectors
• No evident that Grant was involved or even knew
  about BUT he had a poor choice of asociates,
  appointees, and relatives
• Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869
• Re-elected in 1872strength of his victories at
  Vicksburg and Appomattox

14
Election of 1876

• Rutherford B. Hayes v. Samuel J. Tilden
• Only way to winCompromise of 1877
• End of Reconstruction (withdrawal of military) in
  the South
• Economic support for the South
• Civil service reform to end corruption
• Only serve one term
• Hayes becomes president in 1877.