Otto I to Pope Gregory VII

1
Otto I to Pope Gregory VII
2
Otto I
3
Otto I
John XII crowns Otto I as Holy Roman Emperor in
962 a.d.
4
Otto I
By 963 a.d. John XII is conspiring with Italian
nobility to get rid of Otto.
5
Otto I
Otto travels to Rome, gains control, deposes
John, and places his own man in the papacy, Leo
VIII.
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Otto I
He forces the nobles to agree never to elect
another pope without imperial approval.
7
From this point on papal-imperial relations sunk
to degrading depths.
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Otto II - Pope Boniface VII
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Pope Boniface VII 984-985 a.d.
10
Pope Boniface VII
Had his predecessor, Benedict VI strangled.
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Pope Boniface VII
Had his predecessor, Benedict VI strangled. Took
the papal bank account and went to Constantinople
hoping to recruit Byzantine help against Otto II.
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Pope Boniface VII
John XIV----
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Pope Boniface VII
John XIV---- imprisoned, and died in prison by
being poisoned
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Otto III
983-1002 a.d.
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Otto III
Appoints his cousin, Bruno, as Pope Gregory V
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Otto III
Appoints his cousin, Bruno, as Pope Gregory
V. The Italians appoint their own man, John XVI.
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Otto III
Appoints a relative, Bruno, as Pope Gregory
V. The Italians appoint their own man, John
XVI. Otto goes to Rome, tortures John, and
parades him through the streets of Rome.
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Otto III
Demonstration of who was in charge of the Church.
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Otto III
Otto lets abbots and bishops have independent
control over their church properties. He freely
appointed bishops to important sees.
20
Otto III
Bishops, abbots, priests once again live openly
with families,
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Otto III
Bishops, abbots, priests once again live openly
with families, and church property is passed on
to their descendants, rather than having men
appointed by Rome.
22
Otto III
Popes searched for allies in Italy, but found
few. Italian families were themselves trying to
get their hands on the papacy.
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Henry II
Succeeds Otto in 1002. Reigned until 1024 a.d.
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Henry II
Succeeds Otto in 1002. Reigned until 1024
a.d. Completely controls church property,
treating it as his own. He also controlled
bishop appointments.
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Henry II
However, he stays in Germany, which allows the
Italian families a chance to jockey for the
papacy.
26
Henry II
The Tusculum family gains influence and one of
its members, Theophylact, was crowned Pope
Benedict VIII.
27
Benedict VIII (1002-1024)
Was a skilled politician. Worked out a deal with
Henry which allowed him virtual independence in
Italy.
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Benedict VIII (1002-1024)
Was a skilled politician. Worked out a deal with
Henry which allowed him virtual independence in
Italy. One thing he did was set out to reform
the institutional church.
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Benedict VIII (1002-1024)
Henry and Benedict met at Pavia in 1022 to
conduct a Synod aimed at reform.
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Benedict VIII (1002-1024)
Henry and Benedict met at Pavia in 1022 to
conduct a Synod aimed at reform. Chief issue on
the docket was celibacy.
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Proprietary Church
32
Proprietary Church
Concept of German Law. The owner of the property
controls the property (and all proceeds). The
Property exists for the Man.
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Proprietary Church
Concept of German Law. The owner of the property
controls the property (and all proceeds). The
Property exists for the Man. The church property
was controlled by whoever owned it, rather than
the Church.
34
Simony
The practice of buying Church office.
35
Henry II
Died childless in 1024.
36
Henry II
Died childless in 1024. Succeeded by Conrad II,
the first ruler of a new dynasty.
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Henry II
Died childless in 1024. Succeeded by Conrad II,
the first ruler of a new dynasty. He strengthened
the imperial church in Germany
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Benedict VIII
Died in 1024. Succeeded by his brother, who was
a layman.
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Benedict VIII
Died childless in 1022. Succeeded by his
brother, who was a layman. John XIX (1024-1033)
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Henry III 1039-1056
Succeeded Conrad II took many proprietary
churches from their owners and ran them himself.
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Benedict IX (1033-1045)
In Italy, the degradation of the papacy continues
when, contrary to Church Law, a 12- year-old
became Pope Benedict IX.
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Benedict IX (1033-1045)
In Italy, the degradation of the papacy continues
when, contrary to Church Law, a 12- year-old
became Pope Benedict IX. He actually became pope
three times!
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Benedict IX (1033-1045)
Italian families jostle for the papacy.
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Benedict IX (1033-1045)
Italian families jostle for the papacy. Benedict
is replaced by Sylvester III, but excommunicates
Sylvester as an antipope.
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Benedict IX (1033-1045)
Italian families jostle for the papacy. Benedict
is replaced by Sylvester III, but excommunicates
Sylvester as an antipope. However, he gives up
the throne after insisting the family of
Sylvester reimburse him for the money he spent to
acquire the papacy in the first place.
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SylvesterIII
Elected January 20, 1045
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SylvesterIII
Elected January 20, 1045 died February 10, 1045
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Benedict IX
Elected again on April 20, 1045
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Benedict IX
Elected again on April 20, 1045 forced out on
May 1, 1045 (20 days)
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Gregory VI
The result of a third family acquiring the papacy.
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Gregory VI
The result of a third family acquiring the
papacy. Reigned May 5, 1045- Dec. 20, 1046.
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Gregory VI
The result of a third family acquiring the
papacy. Reigned May 5, 1045- Dec. 20,
1046. Gregory personally led his army in
protecting himself from invasion credited with
forming the first papal army.
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Gregory VI
Henry III intervened, deposed all claimants to
the papacy, and set up his own pope Clement II
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Clement II
December 25, 1046-October 9, 1047.
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Clement II
December 25, 1046-October 9, 1047.
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Clement II
December 25, 1046-October 9, 1047.
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Benedict IX
Becomes the Pope again on November 8, 1047!!!
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Benedict IX
Becomes the Pope again on November 8,
1047!!! Advised to renounce the throne and did
so again on July 17, 1048.
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Benedict IX
Becomes the Pope again on November 8,
1047!!! Advised to renounce the throne and did
so again on July 17, 1048. He became a monk in
the Monastery of St. Basil, where he retired,
died, and was buried.
60
Damasus II
Emperor Henry III reestablished the policy of his
ancestors by controlling all papal elections.
The Italians are out and the Germans are in for
several decades.
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Damasus II
Emperor Henry III reestablished the policy of his
ancestors by controlling all papal elections.
The Italians are out and the Germans are in for
several decades. Henry asks Damasus II to replace
Benedict IX.
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Damasus II
Elected on July 17, 1048 (no time wasted)
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Damasus II
Elected on July 17, 1048 (no time wasted), and he
retired to Palestrium where he died on August 9,
1048.
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Leo IX 1049-1054
Bishop Bruno of Toul, friend of the emperor, was
appointed by Henry III,
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Leo IX 1049-1054
Bishop Bruno of Toul, friend of the emperor, was
appointed by Henry III, but invited the Roman
nobility to ratify his appointment by vote.
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Leo IX 1049-1054
Bishop Bruno of Toul, friend of the emperor, was
appointed by Henry III, but invited the Roman
nobility to ratify his appointment by vote. As
Leo IX, he entered Rome barefoot, as a sign of
humility.
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Leo IX
Leo was an independent-minded man who regarded
the papacy as a priestly calling.
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Leo IX
Leo was an independent-minded man who regarded
the papacy as a priestly calling. He surrounded
himself with the best bishops.
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Leo IX
Leo was an independent-minded man who regarded
the papacy as a priestly calling. He surrounded
himself with the best bishops. This court of
advisors eventually became a permanent College of
Cardinals.
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Leo IX
He travelled, with them, around Europe visiting
people and reestablishing the prestige of the
papacy in the minds of the laity.
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Leo IX
Pope Leo attack on church reform began with
reinstituting celibacy.
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Leo IX
Pope Leo attack on church reform began with
reinstituting celibacy. He forbid his own flock
in Rome from receiving sacraments from
non-celibate priests,
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Leo IX
Pope Leo attack on church reform began with
reinstituting celibacy. He forbid his own flock
in Rome from receiving sacraments from
non-celibate priests, and ordered the mistresses
of priests into slavery.
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Leo IX
To combat simony he ordered all bishops, abbots,
and priests who had received their positions in
that way to be re-ordained after proper penance
and restitution.
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Leo IX
Leo was the pope who sent Cardinal Humbert to
negotiate with Patriarch Michael Cerularius of
Constantinople. (The Great Schism of 1054)
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Victor II 1055-1057
Another German appointed by Henry III when Pope
Leo died in 1054.
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Victor II 1055-1057
Another German appointed by Henry III when Pope
Leo died in 1054. Pope Victor continued Pope
Leos reform by summoning synods at key cities
throughout the empire and France.
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Victor II 1055-1057
Victor did not attend these synods, like Leo
would have. Instead he sent legates to oversee
the reform synods.
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Victor II 1055-1057
Victor did not attend these synods, like Leo
would have. Instead he sent legates to oversee
the reform synods. One legate was Hildebrand of
Tuscany, who became Pope Gregory VII in 1073.
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The Reform of Cluny
(Before talking about Gregory we need to speak of
the Clunaic Reform.) Many voices protested the
conflict between the ideal of the gospel and the
reality of Church life.
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The Reform of Cluny
(Before talking about Gregory we need to speak of
the Clunaic Reform.) Many voices protested the
conflict between the ideal of the gospel and the
reality of Church life. The chief sources of
protest, and eventually reform, were the
monasteries.
82
The Reform of Cluny
(Before talking about Gregory we need to speak of
the Clunaic Reform.) Many voices protested the
conflict between the ideal of the gospel and the
reality of Church life. The chief sources of
protest, and eventually reform, were the
monasteries. Yet, even the monasteries had some
housecleaning to do before they could encourage
reform at large.
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The Reform of Cluny
Since the mid-ninth century, monasteries had
begun to experience moral decay. The chief
reason for the decay was
84
The Reform of Cluny
Since the mid-ninth century, monasteries had
begun to experience moral decay. The chief
reason for the decay was the growing control of
monasteries by lay proprietors.
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The Reform of Cluny
Frequently, lay proprietors appointed lay abbots
who cared nothing about monastic discipline.
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The Reform of Cluny
Frequently, lay proprietors appointed lay abbots
who cared nothing about monastic discipline.
Many were attacked by Norsemen, and Moslems as
well.
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The Reform of Cluny
One monastery emergedCluny as the leader of
monastic reform.
88
The Reform of Cluny
89
The Reform of Cluny
One monastery emergedCluny as the leader of
monastic reform. The reform at Cluny, led to a
general reform of the Church, from the papacy on
down.
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The Reform of Cluny
Cluny was located in Burgundy, and had been a
proprietary abbey founded in 910 a.d. by Duke
William the Good of Aquitaine.
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The Reform of Cluny
Cluny was located in Burgundy, and had been a
proprietary abbey founded in 910 a.d. by Duke
William the Good of Aquitaine. When William
established Cluny he guaranteed it would be free
from all secular episcopal control, and that it
would be under direct authority of the papacy.
92
The Reform of Cluny
He also guaranteed the free election of its
abbots.
93
The Reform of Cluny
He also guaranteed the free election of its
abbots. A man named, Odo became abbot of Cluny
in 927 a.d., the reform began.
94
The Reform of Cluny
He also guaranteed the free election of its
abbots. A man named, Odo became abbot of Cluny
in 927 a.d., the reform began. It became one of
the largest monasteries in all of Europe.
95
The Reform of Cluny
He also guaranteed the free election of its
abbots. A man named, Odo became abbot of Cluny
in 927 a.d., the reform began. It became one of
the largest monasteries in all of Europe. As its
reputation spread, proprietors from other
monasteries asked for their assistance to bring
its reform to their own monasteries.
96
The Reform of Cluny
Odo brought 17 monasteries under Clunys control.
His successor abbots during the next century
brought the majority of monasteries in Europe
under its control.
97
The Reform of Cluny
A major part of the reform was the right of each
abbot to name his successor.
98
The Reform of Cluny
A major part of the reform was the right of each
abbot to name his successor. It also brought
most of the proprietary abbeys directly under the
papacy.
99
The Reform of Cluny
A major part of the reform was the right of each
abbot to name his successor. It also brought
most of the proprietary abbeys directly under the
papacy. Gregory VII gave the abbots the power to
choose which bishops could visit the monasteries
and say mass,
100
The Reform of Cluny
A major part of the reform was the right of each
abbot to name his successor. It also brought
most of the proprietary abbeys directly under the
papacy. Gregory VII gave the abbots the power to
choose which bishops could visit the monasteries
and say mass, and he also raised the office of
abbot higher than bishop by guaranteeing them
freedom from excommunication from by any bishop.
101
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Was elected by the Roman nobility, rather than
being appointed by Henry III.
102
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Was elected by the Roman nobility, rather than
being appointed by Henry III. This was because
Henry, who died in 1056, left his son Henry IV to
succeed him
103
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Was elected by the Roman nobility, rather than
being appointed by Henry III. This was because
Henry, who died in 1056, left his son Henry IV to
succeed him who was only six years old.
104
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Was elected by the Roman nobility, rather than
being appointed by Henry III. This was because
Henry, who died in 1056, left his son Henry IV to
succeed him who was only six years old. However,
this Henry fell under the influence of Duke
Godfrey of Lorraine, who was a supporter of
Hildebrand (Gregory VII).
105
Gregory VII 1073-1085
The important thing to know is that this election
took the papacy out from under the hand of the
emperor
106
Gregory VII 1073-1085
The important thing to know is that this election
took the papacy out from under the hand of the
emperor at least for the time being
107
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Gregory had been a Clunaic monk who still wore
his monks habit as pope.
108
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Gregory had been a Clunaic monk who still wore
his monks habit as pope. He also freely used
Clunaic monks to promote his reform.
109
Gregory VII 1073-1085
Gregory had been a Clunaic monk who still wore
his monks habit as pope. He also freely used
Clunaic monks to promote his reform. To promote
his primary goal of freeing the Church from
secular control he reasserted the popes
authority over the emperor in spiritual matters.
110
Gregory VII 1073-1085
He promoted the theory that the Pope had
sovereignty based on the popes apostolic lineal
descent from Peter.
111
Gregory VII 1073-1085
He promoted the theory that the Pope had
sovereignty based on the popes apostolic lineal
descent from Peter. He believed that Peter in a
real sense lived on in each pope.
112
Gregory VII 1073-1085
He asserted his sovereignty over temporal matters
as well. He assumed for himself the right to
depose secular rulers and to release subjects of
such rulers from their feudal fealty oaths.
113
Gregory VII 1073-1085
He convened a reform synod in 1074 during which
he expelled all clergy who had purchased their
ordinations,
114
Gregory VII 1073-1085
He convened a reform synod in 1074 during which
he expelled all clergy who had purchased their
ordinations, and made celibacy an absolute
requirement.
115
Gregory VII 1073-1085
He also made the bold ruling in 1078 saying that
no abbot or bishop could be invested with office
by a layman!
116
The Investiture Controversy
Henry IV was now 23, and he had invested the
archbishop of Milan. Henry was supported by the
German bishops who sent Gregory a letter in 1076
defying his authority over them.
117
The Investiture Controversy
Henry IV was now 23, and he had invested the
archbishop of Milan. Henry was supported by the
German bishops who sent Gregory a letter in 1076
defying his authority over them. Gregory
responded by excommunicating the emperor and
releasing all his subjects of their fealty oath
to him.
118
The Investiture Controversy
Some of the more powerful German Princes used
this opportunity to challenge Henrys power by
supporting Gregory.
119
The Investiture Controversy
Some of the more powerful German Princes used
this opportunity to challenge Henrys power by
supporting Gregory. They invited Gregory to
Germany to attend a Diet (a legislative assembly)
in order to settle this matter.
120
The Investiture Controversy
Not wanting any kind of alliance between the
German Princes and Gregory, Henry set out to
block Gregorys passage crossed the Alps and to
beg for forgiveness.
121
The Investiture Controversy
Popular legend relates that Henry stood in the
snow outside Gregorys castle at Canossa, Italy
for three days before Gregory received him back
into the Church.
122
The Investiture Controversy
As soon as he left Canossa he changed his mind.
123
The Investiture Controversy
As soon as he left Canossa he changed his
mind. In 1081 he marched on Rome, winning over
thirteen cardinals and the people of Rome (who
had tired of Gregory).
124
The Investiture Controversy
As soon as he left Canossa he changed his
mind. In 1081 he marched on Rome, winning over
thirteen cardinals and the people of Rome (who
had tired of Gregory). Henry installed his own
pope, Clement III, and Gregory fled to
Norman-occupied southern Italy. He died there in
1085.
125
The Investiture Controversy
As soon as he left Canossa he changed his
mind. In 1081 he marched on Rome, winning over
thirteen cardinals and the people of Rome (who
had tired of Gregory). Henry installed his own
pope, Clement III, and Gregory fled to
Norman-occupied southern Italy. He died there in
1085. (This Clement III, incidentally, is not
listed on the Churchs official list of popes.
The real Clement III did not rule until 1187.)
126
The Investiture Controversy
These events (the emperors humiliation at
Canossa) inspired Gregorys successors, however,
and they carried out his reform.
127
The Investiture Controversy
These events (the emperors humiliation at
Canossa) inspired Gregorys successors, however,
and they carried out his reform. By 1122, King
Henry V agreed to end the investiture practice in
negotiations with Pope Calixtus II.
128
The Investiture Controversy
These events (the emperors humiliation at
Canossa) inspired Gregorys successors, however,
and they carried out his reform. By 1122, King
Henry V agreed to end the investiture practice in
negotiations with Pope Calixtus II. The
Concordat of Worms put an end to the
imperial-controlled Church established by Otto I
and his successors.
129
The Investiture Controversy
These events (the emperors humiliation at
Canossa) inspired Gregorys successors, however,
and they carried out his reform. By 1122, King
Henry V agreed to end the investiture practice in
negotiations with Pope Calixtus II. The
Concordat of Worms put an end to the
imperial-controlled Church established by Otto I
and his successors... i.e. no more lay
investiture. German abbots and bishops were now
under direct control of the pope.
130
The Investiture Controversy
The model of the theocratic church died, while
the papacy became a kind of monarchy itself. A
new era had begun. The possibility of a
universal, integrated Christianity began to take
hold in the mind of medieval people.