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Future Prospects in Use of Natural
Renewable Raw MaterialsKozlowski R., Rawluk M.,
Mackiewicz-Talarczyk M., Barriga J., Wasko
J.IENICA Symposium, University of Bologna,
ItalyMay 1516, 2003
Institute of Natural Fibres FAO/ESCORENA
Coordination Center  EUROPEAN COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH NETWORK ON FLAX AND OTHER BAST PLANTS
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The Institute of Natural Fibres (INF) was founded
in 1930. INF is an interdisciplinary research
centre with international standing, involved in
complex research on obtaining and processing of
natural textile raw materials (flax, hemp, silk,
wool, etc).
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• The INFs research activity covers
• the breeding of new flax and hemp varieties
• raw materials development in the wool industry
• natural fibre testing and processing
• biological and chemical treatment of natural
  fibres
• design and manufacture of knitted and woven
  clothes from natural fibres
• processing of waste material in the textile
  industry
• the use of linseed in health food products
• lignocellulose board and flaxboard processing and
  testing
• specialized testing in the following laboratory
  facilities
• Biotechnology, Phytopathology,Textile
  Metrology, Chemical Analyses, Flammability,Toxic
  ity, Air Protection, Water and Wastes.

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Institute of Natural Fibres Poznan, Poland
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Materials Cycle
PRODUCTS
Biowaste Collection
Conversion
INTERMEDIATES
COMPOST
Biological Degradation
CO2 H2O Biomass
Processing
Strach Celluloses
Photosynthesis
Harvesting Extraction
RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS
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Natural and Man-made Fibres Market Share, 2001
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Main Directions in Application of Lignocellulosic
Fibrous Raw Materials

• TEXTILES
• Woven
• Knitting
• Non-woven
• Technical
• PULP AND PAPER
• COMPOSITES
• FINE CHEMICALS - Agrochemicals
• ENERGY

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Future demands for Comfort Providing Hydrophilic
Fibres millions tons
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The Properties That We Should Pay More Attention
To

• Comfort / Healthy Features
• Biodegradability and Eco-response
• Social Repercussions Especially In Rural Areas of
  Globe

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All that Glitters Isnt Plankton
Inside the cavern of the stomach was a bulky
shape weighing about 50 kg. The object contained
large amounts of sand sand and organic matter
but its nucleus was a compressed ball made up of
more than 20 kg of plastics. It included some 30
supermarket and rubbish bags, plastic cord used
on boats, a meter-square piece of thick sheeting,
at least one rubber glove.
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Financial Times, January 12, 2000
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Cargill Dow recently celebrated the grand opening
of the first worldscale Polyactide facility
located in Blair, Nebraska. At capacity, the
manufacturing plant will produce up to 300
million pounds (140 000 metric tones) of PLA a
year
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Source www.dupont.com/sorona
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Idea of BioSilk
Molecular Structure of Spider Silk DNA
Template Synthetic Gene Precisely Specified
Polymers
Source A.P. Aneja, J. OBrein Fibres Looking
Ahead to a Millenium Dawn, Chemical Fibres
International Vol. 49, 1999
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Stirring goats milk into spider silk
Researches are breeding hundreds of goats
genetically engineered to produce milk rich with
spider-silk proteins that can be spun into fibre
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European Way of BioSilk Production (GM potatoes)
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Estimated world-wide tonnage of fibrous raw
materials from agricultural crops in thousands
ton (Atchison and FAO statistics)
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Other Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Except Wood
Bamboo Black Locust Broom Cardoon Common
Reed Cord grass Eucalyptus Giant Knotweed Giant
Reed Groundnut
Meadow Foxtail Miscanthus Lupines Rape Reed
Cannarygrass Root Chicory Rosin
Weed Safflower Soybean Salicornia
Tall Fescue Timothy Topinambur Willow and
Poplar Amaranth Sunflower Quinoa Microalgae Pseudo
cereals Vetiver
3.5 4 billion tones per year
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Abaca
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Cabuya
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Aloes (Furcraea gigantea)
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Curaua (Ananas erectifolius)
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Sisal (Agave sisalana)
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Bamboo Elephant Grass (Bambusa)
(Miscanthus gigantea)
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Kenaf Ketmia(Hibiscus
cannabinus) (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
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Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)
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Jute(Corchorus capsularis, C. olitorius)
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African Palm
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Coir(Cocos nucifera), shell fibre
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Husk
Skin
Shell
Copra
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Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)
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Formium Tenax
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KAURII TREE
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Results of Fibre Measurements
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Basic Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic
Raw Materials (1).
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Basic Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic
Raw Materials (2).
SOURCE Rowell,1996 Pandey and Ghosh, 1995
Liese,1992 Eweida et al.,1974.
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Flax / Linen
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Cosmetics made of linseed

• Flaxseed has been known for thousands years as a
  herb for medical and cosmetic purposes. After
  mixing flaxseed oil with sezame oil and olive oil
  ancient Egyptians created a soothing and
  rejuvinating balm for skin and hair
• Flaxseed oil has been applied in treatment of
  scalds, frostbites and care of dry, scaling skin
  with tendency for splitting . Both flaxseed and
  flaxseed oil sooth skin irritation , care about
  nails and hair preventing crushing and splitting
  up
• Hydrophylic flax mucilage
• is excellent coating material,
• covering and antiinflammatory
• in skin diseases. Due to its very
• strong hydrophylic properties it
• proves excellent in contracting
• and moisturizing skin

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Dietetic and curative properties of Linseed

• Heals diseases and alimentary tract
• Throat and bronchitis
• Gentle laxative
• Antisclerosis factor
• Easier metabolism
• Anticholesterol
• Diseases of skin
• Hair growth
• Anticarcinogenic

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Flaxseed is a rich source of

• polyunsaturated fatty acids
• aminoacids
• soluble fiber mucilage
• lignans ( antioxidant and phytoestrogenic
  properties)
• cyclolinopeptides (immunosuppressive properties)
• vitamins
• minerals
• other bioactive substances

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• Flaxseed as by-product of bast fibrous plant is
  a rich source of valuable fatty acids, lignans,
  cyclolinopeptides, mucilage, waxes and other
  fine chemicals
• Flaxseed oil makes the richest source of very
  important omega 3 essential fatty acids
  (alphalinolenic) and a rich source of omega 6
  fatty acids (linoleic) which are effective for
  the prevention of cardiovascular and other heart
  diseases
• Flaxseed is the richest known source of lignans,
  a class of phytoestrogens, which may have a
  potential beneficial impact on the treatment of
  several hormone dependent diseases in humans and
  have been extensively investigated for their
  potential anticancer and antioxidant properties
• Flaxseed is a rich source of cyclolinopeptides
  effective for the treatment following organ
  transplantation immunosuppressants
• Flaxseed is a rich source of plant mucilage
  recommended for using as cover substances in the
  treatment of alimentary tract and skin diseases
  where is protective, laxative, emollient and
  demulcentive properties are utilized
• Flaxseed is a source of natural waxes, which can
  be applied to environmentally friendly furniture
  and as varnishes for children toys
• The research on fine chemicals contained in
  flaxseed is continued and covers more and more
  applications areas

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FLAXSEED MUCILAGE SUBSTANCES APPLICATION

• Stabilizer and leaven for food products
• Addition to cosmetics
• Protective factor against diabetes,
  atherosclerosis and colon cancer
• Substitute for saliva
• Carrier for oral pharmaceuticals of very
  moistening properties
• Mild flavour preparations for sore throat and
  esophagus
• Addition for ointments
• Preparation for soothing cough
• Laxative preparation
• Substitute for egg protein in production of ice
  cream and bakery
• Preparation improving quality of bakery products
  (tenacity of pastry, volume, flavour, stability
  of bakery products)
• Addition to lubricants in chemical industry

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Fatty Acids Composition of Different Plant Oils
Source Schuster W. Olpflanzen in Europe, DLG
Verlag Frankfurt a/Main, 1992
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Nutrient Composition of Flaxseed
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APPLICATION OF PROTEIN FLAXSEED PREPARATIONS

• As a stabilizing addition to food products such
  as meat products, fish tins, ice cream and
  jellys etc.
• As an emulgator an addition of protein flaxseed
  ekstract to food enables to reach cream
  consistency of product and to eliminate unwanted
  flavour

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Essential Amino Acids Composition of Defatted
Flaxseed
Source Cunnane S.C., Thompson L. U., Flaxseed in
Human Nutrition, AOCS Press, Champaign 1995
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BIOFLAX FOR BAKERY PRODUCTS

• The addition of Bioflax, in the range of 1 9
  , improves
• Dietary and nutritional value of baked goods
• Reological dought features ( hydroscopicity and
  dought stability)
• Breads porosity
• Inhibits staling

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The Influence of BioFlax Addition on Quality of
Bread
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Hemp
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Aleopaty
1ha hemp 10 tons dry mass Extract 2.5 tons CO2
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Marihuana Hemp
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Canapa gigantea (up to 9 meters)
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HEMP BREEDING

• The situation of the world economy in the coming
  future force the different look at hemp, namely,
  as more versatile crop than today and a valuable
  renewable source of raw material for different
  industries. The breeding should be continued for
  fiber quality and quantity, for low THC content
  the and in new directions
• high biomass for cellulose,
• special features of fiber applicable for
  biocomposites with PP and PE,
• maximal content of substances extracted during
  pulping process, which in modern pulping
  technologies become a very valuable raw material
  for chemical industry.
• developing cultivars suitable for northern and
  southern (tropical) latitudes, cultivars yielding
  high yields of seeds, preferable focusing on
  certain seed constitutes applicable for chemical,
  pharmaceutical and food industries breeding for
  other substances, e.g. essential oils.

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Higher biomass
Todays cultivars give about 10 tons of dry mass
per hectare while the potential yield of hemp
reaches 25 - 35 tons which is comparable to
yields of Miscanthus and means that there is a
huge yield potential that breeding is to reveal.
The yield growth can be even higher when starting
from Cannabis gigantea, which already in 1930s
grew 9 m high.
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There are several methods in breeding that can
help developing hemp for new directions of
application

• utilization of poliploidization the effect of
  multiplication of chromosome set in plants
• production of hybrids and utilization of
  heterosis effect both dioecious and monoecious
  hemp offer some advantages, they have however
  some disadvantages. In dioecious hemp although
  the yield of vegetative mass is very high
  (including fiber) the yield of seeds is
  relatively low - it is consumed by male plants
  that take the 50 of space the raw material
  harvested from dioecious hemp is less homogeneous
  due to earlier maturing of male plants when the
  plants are harvested for both seeds and fiber
  the blooming period of male flowers on monoecious
  plants takes up to 40 - 45 days
• the biotechnological methods in breeding to
  speed-up the breeding process by haploidation
  it allows to obtain haploid and dihaploid
  homozigotic lines of hemp obtained from callus
  regenerants in vitro biotechnology can be very
  useful in production of fiber more suitable for
  composite polymers.

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• In breeding for textile fiber a very important
  factor is fiber quality which, unfortunately is
  in contradiction with fiber content. The content
  of fiber is mostly dependent on the development
  of secondary fiber layers which develop in the
  further stages of plant development and show far
  higher fiber cell lignification
• Lignification of fiber cells and average
  thickness of secondary fiber depending on sowing
  density

Cells showing inmtensivelly color reaction
Cells showing color reaction
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Lignification of fiber cells and average layers
of secondary fiber depending on the time of
harvesting
Cells showing inntensivelly color reaction
Cells showing color reaction
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The most important problem in such diverse
climatic condition is sufficient amount of
warmth, especially in northern areas and reaction
of hemp to the daylight
Reaction of hemp to the daylight makes impossible
to grow hemp of northern or Middle European type
bred in Poland, Germany or Ukraine (long
daylight) as far as subtropics or tropics. A
solution to breed the cultivars showing no
reaction to the length of day. Such cultivars
could be grown anywhere in the world provided
that the climatic conditions are sufficient
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Production Line for Bast Fiber Extraction
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionFeeding
Unit
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionBreaking
Unit
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionFiber
Extraction Unit
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionCondensi
ng Unit
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionCleaning
Unit
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionPressing
Unit
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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Production Line for Bast Fiber ExtractionResidues
Collector
Feeding Unit
Breaking Unit
Fiber Extraction Unit
Condensing Unit
Cleaning Unit
Press
Residues Collector
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• In several research centers of Europe, including
  INF, use of essentials oils is investigated. The
  essential oil of hemp is used as a fragrance of
  cosmetics, soap, shampoo, creams, perfumes and
  even foodstuffs and beer.

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Essential Oils Extractor
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Composition of essential oils in different
strains of Cannabis
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Composition of essential oils in different
strains of Cannabis
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List of hemp strains investigated for content of
essential oils
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Hemp fiber contains the natural absorbents, among
which a special role is played by lignin able to
absorb the UV radiation. It can protect the human
body against the UV radiation that becomes
growing danger due to the ozone hole.
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World Population, Forest Area and Wood
Consumption, Years 1980 - 2050
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Destruction of Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest
Slowing
Area just smaller than Belgium was destroyed in
1995 (29 000 km2)
Financial Times, January 28, 1998
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World Production of Celullose Pulp
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Promising Methods of Pulp Production

• Very promising for pulping of annual plants are
  advanced solvents methods like
• Acetosolve (Germany) - using solution of 85
  93 acetic acid and addition of 0.1 HCl
• MILOX (Finland) using formic acid
• Alcell method, employing ethyl alcohol
• Steam Explosion Pulping (SEP) (Canada) using
  chemical impregnated raw material cooked with
  saturated steam
• Ethanol pulping (Egypt) using ethanol/water,
  ethanol/water/NaOH solutions
• Peroxy-compounds using peroxymonosulphate anion
  (HSO5)

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The ALCELL Process
Alcohol (Ethanol)
CELLulose (Wood Chips/ Annual Fibres)
29 Bar 1950C
Cellulose Fibre (Pulp)
Lignins
Acetic Acid
Furfural
Hemicellulose Sugars
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Lignin

• Isolated lignin finds wider and wider application
  to chemical industry, e.g. as
• Substitute for penthol-formaldehyde resins in
  composites
• Natural polymer capable of undergoing
  modifications resulting in a high reactivity and
  suitable for using as
• Chemical for agriculture
• Dressing material, laminate, moisture barrier,
  stiffening agent (cardboards)
• Friction materials
• Wood adhesives (plywood, wafer boards, fire
  boards)
• Plastic moulds (automotive applications)
• Antioxidants

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Unwrapping of Horemkenesi in progress
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Biocomposites based on lignocellulosic raw
materials and polymers (1)
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Biocomposites based on lignocellulosic raw
materials and polymers (2)
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Biocomposites based on lignocellulosic raw
materials and polymers (3)
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Biocomposites based on lignocellulosic raw
materials and polymers (4)
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Fibre plants for biocomposites based on
lignocellulosics

• Let us mention just a few examples of the
  application of natural fibres to automotive
  industry
• Different types of fillings
• Reinforcing fibre and in some cases
  replacement for glass fibre
• Degradable composite of natural fibres and
  natural polymers

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Composite materials containing hemp, flax and
wood fibres
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The natural vegetable fibres in different car
structure elements of Daimler-Benz
Source K. Bledzki, 1997
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Fibre plants for biocomposites based on
lignocellulosics (1)

• Advantages of composites containing natural
  vegetable fibres are as follows
• They are environmentally friendly at the stage of
  production, processing and waste,
• They are characterised by annual renewability and
  lower energy inputs in production per unit,
• Their methods of production and processing are
  commonly known,
• Properties comparable to those of materials
  reinforced with glass fibre,
• Better elasticity of polymer composites
  reinforced with natural fibres, especially when
  modified with crushed fibres, embroidered and 3-d
  woven fibres,

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Fibre plants for biocomposites based on
lignocellulosics (2)

• Advantages of composites containing natural
  vegetable fibres are as follows
• Sound proofing properties, ability to absorb
  vibrations and large amounts of energy when being
  destroyed
• Lower density of polymer composites reinforced
  with natural fibres than those reinforced with
  glass fibre
• 2-3 times lower price of polymer composites
  reinforced with natural fibres than those
  reinforced with glass fibre
• Natural vegetable fibres can be used for the
  reinforcement of natural polymers such as starch,
  lignin, hemicellulose and india-rubber which
  makes possible to obtain 100 biodegradable
  material,
• When burnt, natural fibre-containing polymers
  produce less co2, co and toxic gases

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Fibre plants for biocomposites based on
lignocellulosics (3)

• The application of vegetable fibres to composites
  has, however, some limitations
• Quality and production efficiency depend on
  natural conditions
• Preparation of fibre is time- and labor-consuming
• Changes in properties and dimensions of polymer
  composites reinforced with natural fibres depend
  on inherent physical properties of the latter
• They require large areas for cultivation, if big
  amounts of raw material is required
• Low density of natural vegetable fibres can be
  disadvantageous during processing application
  (fibres tend to emerge on the surface)
• Level of understanding which are the best
  properties of fibre intended for using in
  composites and how to modify them is still
  unsatisfactionary
• Bonding of natural fibres to polymers is weak

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By-products of annual plant processing as raw
materials for the building industry

• The following plant residues can be particularly
  useful for the manufacture of boards
• Residues of bast fibre plants kenaf and hemp
  shives, stalks of jute , sisal, ramie and kenaf
• Residues of food plants grapevine stalks, small
  grains straw
• Peanut and rice husks
• They are applied to the production of different
• Lignocellulosic particleboards
• Composite fire retardant particleboards
• Dry-formatted (MDF) board and OSB board
• Insulating boards
• Insulating materials made of cellulosic fibres
  unsuitable for spinning

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Lignocellulosic Particleboards

• Raw Materials
• Properties
• Manufacturing technology

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The density range of particleboards manufactured
from residues of different annual plants
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Composite fire retardant particleboards produced
from lignocellulosic particles of annual plants
and mineral particles

• Raw materials
• Flax shives
• Hemp shives
• Particle vermiculite

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Insulating boards
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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Insulating
Boards Made with Various Raw Materials
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Trends in the use of insulating hemp boards
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Selected Properties of Insulating Boards
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Non-wovens applications examples

• Geo- and chemo-textiles
• (isolation of landfills and deposit ponds
  bed)
• Grass mats
• (reinforcement of slopes and embankments)
• Filtration

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Geojute is biodegradable and ecologically
harmonious
Geojute controls erosion, promotes vegetation -
naturally
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Natural fibres unsuitable for spinning as a
material for furniture-making industry

• Natural fibres, including those unsuitable for
  spinning, are characterized by such properties
  as
• Air permeability
• Hygroscopicity and capability of giving up
  moisture
• No release of substances harmful to health
• No allergic effect (except for wool)
• No electrostatic properties (except for wool)
• Biodegradability
• Due to these properties natural fibres become a
  very good material for stuffing and filling of
  upholstered furniture, particularly in the case
  of above mentioned products

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NEW ECOLOGICAL MONOMERS AND POLYMERSFROM
VEGETABLE OILS (1)

• Nitrogen-containing monomers and polymers can be
  obtained from vegetable oils
• by their reaction with urea
• Direct method in heterogeneous system
  (monoglyceride dicarbamates and fatty
• acids amides are formed)
• CH2OCOR t160-1700C CH2OCONH2
• CHOCOR 2NH2CONH2
  CHOCOR 2RCONH2
• CH2OCOR catalyst CH2OCONH2
• Indirect method consisting in a two-stage
  reaction in homogenous system
• (monogluceride dicarbamates and butyl esters of
  fatty acids are formed)
• t 120-140C
• C4H9OH NH2CONH2 C4H9OCONH2 NH3
• CH2OCOR temp. CH2OCONH2
• CHOCOR 2C4H9OCONH2 CHOCOR
  2RCOOC4H9
• CH2OCOR catalyst CH2OCONH2
• Where R fatty acid radical

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NEW ECOLOGICAL MONOMERS AND POLYMERSFROM
VEGETABLE OILS (2)
Monoglyceride discarbamates make a new valuable
raw material for polyurethane synthesis (
polymethylene urethanes by reaction with
formaldehyde) and a modifier of polycondensation
resins, e.g OCOR
H n H2NCOOCH2CHCH2OCONH2 n
CH2O -n H2O
OCOR -NHCOOCH2CHCH2OCONHCH22
OCOR
H n H2NCOOCH2CHCH2OCONH2 n
CH2O n HXH

- n H2O
OCOR -NHCOOCH2CHCH2OCONHCH2XCH2n
Where X is a remaining part of a condensation
monomer (urea, melamine, phenol)
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NEW ECOLOGICAL MONOMERS AND POLYMERSFROM
VEGETABLE OILS (3)
Fatty acid amides, which are formed at the same
time, are valuable starting materials the
manufacture of surfactants, while butyl esters of
fatty acids are used as plasticizers and release
agents. Addition of ammonia (which is formed by
urea decomposition) to double bonds of
unsaturated fatty acids present in vegetable oils
result in the formation of amino
groups -CHCH- NH3
-CH2-CH2 NH2 In this way
unsaturated fatty acids from vegetable oils can
be converted into aminocarboxylic acids and the
latter can serve for the manufacture of polyamide
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Conclusions (1)

• Global trends towards sustainable development
  have brought to the light natural, renewable,
  renewable, biodegradable raw materials, among
  them bast fibres. Science and technology continue
  in extending their use in textile and other
  industries.
• Recent achievements in the discussed field and
  new applications of green fibres and related
  products permit to draw the following
  conclusions
• Fast growing population as well as eco- and
  health awareness create large space for future
  expansion of other than cotton natural fibres.
• Recent achievements in breeding, production and
  processing extended the use of green fibres in
  textiles and non-textile applications
• Due to fast progress in research and development,
  green fibres (bast fibre plants) are used in
  growing amounts for non-wood pulps. This can help
  to stop forest depletion, flood of
  non-biodegradable waste, environmental
  degradation. This can also rise living standard
  of rural areas in many parts of globe.

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Conclusions (2)

• Bast fibrous plants provide valuable by-products
  like seeds, waxes, fragrances pigments. These may
  be used for food, fodder, pharmaceutics,
  cosmetics, body-care items. Especially important
  are linseed/hempseed. They contain substances
  indispensable for our brain and nervous system
  function as well as antisclerotic /
  anticarcinogenic lignans and unsaturated fatty
  acids.
• Institute of Natural Fibres has developed
  valuable food additives on linseed/hempseed
  basis, which are in high demand together with
  cosmetics/body care products. This is a good
  example how to provide jobs and rise the living
  standards promoting agriculture-rooted industries
• In developed countries, flax and hemp cultivation
  can solve the problem of the extraction of heavy
  metals from polluted soils. Using this approach,
  even heavily polluted areas can be recultivated.

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Conclusions (3)

• Green fibres will be used in increasing amounts
  in a wide-spectrum of bio-composite materials.
  Being lignocellulosics they can be combined with
  man-made or natural polymers to provide a wide
  range of useful composites in textiles (including
  geotextiles and non-woven-containing ones), in
  particleboards and boards of other types,
  thermosetting resin-containing goods, filters, in
  transportation, building industry and
  agriculture. Biocomposites of the future have to
  be recyclable and fully biodegradable.
• Summing up, I dare to make a statement as
  follows
• Green fibre plants are one of the potential means
  to
• Avoid the overshoot of todays economies,
• Start new third human-and-eco-friendly revolution
  in human race activity
• Countries which were leaders in the first two
  industrial revolutions are currently leading the
  third revolution by research-development-legislati
  on rules. I believe that other countries will
  join and follow

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Institute of Natural Fibres

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