Basic Biochemistry

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Basic Biochemistry

• chemical bonds
• Ionic
• cations-net positive
• Anions-net negative
• Covalent
• electrons shared
• single, double, triple bonds
• polar and non-polar bonds
• Hydrogen

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Water

• Properties
• High heat capacity
• absorbs large amounts of heat before changing
  temp. - helps maintain body temp.
• High heat of vaporization
• large amount of heat absorbed to break H bonds
• Polarity
• universal solvent
• biological molecules must be in solution to react

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water cont

• Reactivity
• dehydration synthesis
• hydrolysis
• Cushioning
• surrounds certain body organs
• cerebrospinal fluid

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Acids and Bases

• Acids
• releases H ions
• when acids dissolve in water gt H
• HCL
• Bases
• proton acceptors
• NaOH

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pH

• gt protons gtacidity
• gthydroxyl ions more basic
• logarithmic - each change of 1 pH unit equals
  tenfold change in proton concentration
• Neutralization - HCl NaOH
• Buffers -
• strong and weak acids and bases

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Carbohydrates

• classified according to size and solubility
• mono-, di- , poly
• pg 44
• Functions
• easy source of fuel
• when ATP is sufficient, CHOs can be converted to
  fat
• small use for cell structure

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Lipids

• General characteristics
• insoluble in water
• contain C, H, and O
• include neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids
• Neutral fats
• fatty acids and glycerol (pg 46)
• 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol
  molecule(triglycerides)
• glycerol backbone is the same, but fatty acids
  can be different

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lipids cont

• most concentrated form of energy
• saturated and unsaturated
• Phospholipids
• modified triglycerides
• P attached to glycerol and 2 fatty acids
• amphipathic
• compose cell membrane

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lipids cont

• Steroids
• made of 4 interlocking rings
• cholesterol(pg 46)

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Proteins

• General characteristics
• multiple functions
• enzymes
• contractile proteins
• contain CHON
• composed of amino acids(amine and acid groups)
• can be a base or an acid
• peptide bond - amine end attached to acid end of
  next amino acid

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proteins cont.

• di, tri, poly, macro
• Enzymes
• catalysts
• increase speed of reaction
• apoenzymes and cofactors holoenzymes
• Mechanism of enzyme action
• enzyme binds with substrate(induced fit or lock
  and key)
• E-S complex undergoes internal rearrangement
• enzyme releases product of reaction
• E S ltgt ES ltgt EI ltgt EP ltgt E P

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