Basic Biochemistry

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Basic Biochemistry

• Water, Carbon, and Functional Groups

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Water

• Abundance of water makes Earth habitable
• Unique properties

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Water Molecules

• Polar due to differences in electronegativity
• Hydrogen bonds form

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Properties of Water

• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• Surface tension

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Properties of Water

• (What is temperature?)
• High specific heat
• Evaporative cooling
• Good solvent

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Interactions with Water

• Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic

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Carbon

• Can bond to 4 other atoms
• Carbon chains can be long, be branched, or be
  circular
• Hydrocarbon chains

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Functional Groups

• Most commonly involved in reactions
• Types
• Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl,
  and phosphate
• Chart pg. 64-65

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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate used for energy transfer
• ADP Pi ? ATP

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Macromolecules
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Review

• What are the four essential macromolecules in the
  cell?
• What are their structures?
• What are their functions?

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Macromolecules

• Can be 10,000s of atoms
• Polymers linked chain of monomers
• Variation in sequence is major difference

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Dehydration Synthesis

• Removal of water to link two monomers
• Requires energy and help of enzymes
• Hydrolysis breaks bonds (ex. Digestion)

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and their polymers
• Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides (-ose) can have three-seven
  carbons
• Chain or ring forms

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Carbohydrates

• Glucose (C6H12O6) and Sucrose (C12H22O11) are
  most common
• Polysaccharide uses storage or structure

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Carbohydrates

• Starch helical polymer of glucose (in plants)
• Glycogen more branched stored in liver/muscle
  cells
• Cellulose most abundant organic compound
• Never branched. Hydrogen bonding to nearby
  cellulose molecules. Microfibrils are
  structurally strong.
• Chitin fungi structures exoskeletons

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Lipids

• Fats, steroids, phospholipids
• Hydrophobic
• Fats glycerol (3-C alcohol) and 3 fatty acids
  (hydrocarbons)
• Saturated vs. unsaturated
• Primarily energy storage

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Lipids

• Phospholipids glycerol 2 fatty acids
  phosphate
• Partially hydrophilic, partially hydrophobic
• Lipid bilayer membranes

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Lipids

• Steroids four fused rings
• Cholesterol, many hormones

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Proteins

• Most structurally complex
• See chart pg. 78 for types
• Enzymes catalyze reactions
• 20 different amino acids combine to create a
  polypeptide

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Proteins

• Amino acids linked through peptide bonds in
  unique sequence
• Proteins consist of multiple polypeptides
• Function relies on proteins recognizing/bonding
  to other molecules

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Protein Structure

• PRIMARY amino acid sequence
• SECONDARY a helix or ß pleated sheet due to
  hydrogen bonding of C-N backbone

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Protein Structure

• TERTIARY interactions between R groups (ionic,
  hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic/phobic)
• QUATERNARY multiple polypeptide chains
  overlapping
• Denaturing

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA/RNA
• Direct protein synthesis
• Nucleotides ? polynucleotides
• Pyrimidines (T, U, G) vs. purines (C, A)

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Nucleic Acids

• Antiparallel double helix
• 5 phosphate
• 3 C-OH
• Replication, transcription, translation

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Phosphodiester Bond
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Overview

• Higher levels of organization result in new, more
  complex properties.
• The structure of each macromolecule relates
  specifically to its function.

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Self-Quiz, Chapter 5

• Macromolecules

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1

• Which term includes all others in the list?

1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Starch
4. Carbohydrate
5. Polysaccharide

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2

• Which of the following statements concerning
  unsaturated fats is true?

1. They are more common in animals than plants.
2. They have double bonds I the carbon chains of
   their fatty acids
3. They generally solidify at room temperature.
4. They contain more hydrogen than saturated fats
   having the same number of carbon atoms.
5. They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat
   molecule.

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3

• The structural level of a protein least affected
  by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the

1. Primary level.
2. Secondary level.
3. Tertiary level.
4. Quaternary level.
5. All structural levels are equally affected.

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4

• Which of the following pairs of base sequences
  could form a short stretch of a normal helix DNA?

1. 5-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3 with
   5-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5
2. 5-A-G-C-T-3 with 5-T-C-G-A-3
3. 5-G-C-G-C-3 with 5-T-A-T-A-3
4. 5-A-T-G-C-3 with 5-G-C-A-T-3
5. 1, 2, and 4 are all correct.

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5

• Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the
  hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join
  nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA
  molecules treated with these enzymes?

1. The two strands of DNA would separate.
2. The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose
   sugars would be broken.
3. The purines would be separated from the
   deoxyribose sugars.
4. The pyrimidines would be separated from the
   deoxyribose sugar.
5. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose
   sugars.

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6

• Which of the following is not a protein?

1. Hemoglobin
2. Cholesterol
3. An antibody
4. An enzyme
5. insulin

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7

• Which of the following statements about the 5
  end of a polynucleotide strand is correct?

1. The 5 end had a hydroxyl group.
2. The 5 end has a phosphate group.
3. The 5 end is identical to the 3 end.
4. The 5 end is antiparallel to the 3 end.
5. The 5 end is in the fifth position on one of the
   nitrogenous bases.