Exploration AND exploitation

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ExplorationANDexploitation
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Trailblazers
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The Silk Road

• In the second century bce, caravans began
  traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast
  Asia with the West.
• Silk carried along this route made its way to
  Rome
• In both directions, various political, social,
  religious, and artistic ideas flowed.
• Ghengis Khan and the Mongols gained control of
  the region by the 13th century

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The Silk Road
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To Medieval Europe the East was silks and
perfumes
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spices and gold
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exotic ivory and jade.
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In 1271 three Venetian merchants left in search
of the wealth of the East
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17 year-old Marco Polo and his father and his
uncle were gone for 24 years
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They found great civilizations in the East -- far
more advanced than those in Europe
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with different ways of life
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based on different value systems
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and different philosophies
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After travelling through India, Marco Polo
returned to Venice in 1295
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Marco Polo described these cultures in his Book
of Marvels
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Although his stories of magnificent Eastern
civilizations were met with skepticism, the
account of his travels would be read all over
Europe, inspiring the curious and adventurous
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Ibn Battuta1304-c.1368 or 1377

• Born in Morocco, Ibn Battuta went on hajj in 1325
  and continued traveling, eventually covering
  about 75,000 miles over the length and breadth of
  the Muslim world, and beyond (about 44 modern
  countries).
• His journeys and observations are recorded in A
  Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of
  Cities and the Marvels of Travelling but is often
  simply referred to as the Rihla or Journey

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Map of Ibn Battutas Travels
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Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
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Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

• Founded by Chu Yuan-chang, a peasant who had been
  a Buddhist monk, a bandit leader and a rebel
  general Emperor Hong Wu
• Last native imperial dynasty in Chinese history
• Re-adopted civil-service examination system
• One of Chinas most prosperous periods
  agricultural revolution, reforestation,
  manufacturing and urbanization

CHU YUAN-CHANG (1328-1398). Ming Emperor.
Chinese silk scroll painting
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Age of Exploration

• The Ming Dynasty, under the naval leadership of
  Zheng He, was noted for its sea explorations and
  extensive trade from Africa to Southeast Asia
• Greatest naval power in world in 15th c.
• However, scholars convinced the Emperor in 1435
  that taste for exotic wares would cause decline
  of dynasty
• Trade and maritime expansion was greatly
  contracted

Zheng He
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Zheng-Hes Expeditions

• Zheng He sailed from China to many places
  throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan,
  Persian Gulf and distant Africa in seven epic
  voyages from 1405 to 1433, some 80 years before
  Columbus's voyages.
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chine
  se-explorers.html

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In the 15th century, Zheng He, seen here with one
of his massive ships in a painting at a temple
shrine in Malaysia, led seven enormous seafaring
expeditions.
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Zheng-He and Columbus
Zheng Hes Treasure Ship
Compared to ColumbussSanta Maria
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Decline of Ming Empire

• Incompetence of later Ming Emperors claimed
  absolute authority abolished the office of
  Prime Minister
• Rebellions in 17th c. caused by increasingly
  burdensome taxes
• Threat from the Manchus in the North

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The Qing Dynasty 1644-1911
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The Qing 1644-1911

• Last ruling dynasty in China
• Manchus allied with Ming Generals took over rule
  of China
• Qing Dynasty became highly integrated
  with Chinese culture.
• The dynasty reached its height in the 18th
  century, declined in the mid-19th c. and was
  overthrown in 1911.

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The pattern of East-West relations-- from the
first discovery of a sea route from Europe to
Asia-- was largely one of Western action and
Eastern reaction
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The West went to the East, but the East rarely
saw a need to come to the West
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Ottoman Empire
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Vasco da Gamas discovery of a sea route to India
in 1498 opened important commercial traffic, led
to the expansion and consolidation of the
Portuguese Empire, and the spread of European
culture and Christianity in the Orient.
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Da Gamas Voyage around the Cape of Good Hope
16th c Portugese trading ship
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The Portuguese were quickly followed by the
Spanish and Dutch, and later the French and
British sent their ships into Eastern oceans
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The British, with their superior naval strength,
finally became the dominant colonial power in
southern Asia
The Armorial Bearings of the Company of Merchants
of London Trading into the East Indies Granted
by Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms in 1600
and as Borne and Used until 1709
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Japan, reacted to the Western challenge in a
different fashion
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Throughout the 14th-19th centuries, Japan
isolated itself from foreign trade and contacts
under the rule of the Shoguns
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In 1542 the first Portuguese traders and Jesuit
missionaries arrived in Japan. They brought
firearms and Christianity with them.
Despite Buddhist opposition, many warlords
welcomed Christianity because they wanted to
trade with Western nations for armaments
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Imposing order after a series of civil wars,
Hideyoshi, in 1587, issued an edict expelling
Christian missionaries.
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European Conquest of the Americas
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Viking Explorations
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Vinland Sagas
Leif ErikssonIceland

• Saga of the Greenlanders and Saga of Erik the Red
• Most complete accounts of Norse explorations of
  North America in the 10th and 11th c.

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In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus
sailed the ocean blue
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Inception of the Scientific Method

• Hypothesis It is possible to reach the Orient by
  sailing West
• Experimentation Voyages of Discovery
• Analysis There are two large land masses
  blocking access to the East
• Conclusion Two new continents North and South
  America

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• The Age of Exploration presented enormous
  challenges and dilemmas to the world view of
  European civilization.
• Even Columbus wavered between this fervent hope
  that he had discovered the Garden of Eden and his
  desire to exploit the riches and peoples of the
  New World.

Engraving by Theodore DeBry
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Hispanic Exploration and Conquest1492 -- 1542

• In one generation Hispanics explored and
  colonized over half the earth waters
• During the period of exploration, in one
  generation, approximately 300,000 Spaniards had
  emigrated to the New World
• They established over 200 cities and towns
  throughout the Americas.
• In one generation Hispanics acquired more new
  territory than Rome conquered in five centuries .

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Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1492- 1504 Columbuss 4 voyages to New World
• 1500 Pedro Cabral (Portugese) discovered Brazil
• 1501-02 Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) after
  accompanying Spanish conquistadors decided that
  what they had discovered was not Asia, but new
  continents
• 1508-21 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Cuba,
  Jamaican and Florida Cuban conquest 1508
• 1513 Vasco de Nuñez de Balboa crossed the
  Isthmus of Panama and named the Pacific ocean

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and
conquests
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Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests

• 1519- 22 Ferdinand Magellan's crew ship,
  completed voyage of circumnavigation.
• 1519-21 Hernando Cortezs conquest of the Aztecs
  in Mexico
• 1531 Francisco Pizarros conquest of the Incas
  in Peru
• 1540 Vasquéz de Coronado explores California,
  Kansas, Arizona, New México, Texas, Oklahoma.
• 1539-42 Hernando de Soto explores SE United
  States and discovers Mississippi River

Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and
conquests
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European Colonies in the Americas
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Major French Explorations and Settlements

• 1525 Giovanni da Verrazzano, a hired Italian
  pilot, failed to find the Northwest Passage, but
  he did establish a French claim to portions of
  North America.
• 1534 -35 Jacques Cartier ventured up the St.
  Lawrence River as far as todays Montréal.
• 1542 Sieur de Robervall tried to establish a
  permanent settlement in North America at the site
  of present-day Québec the settlers remained one
  brutal winter before returning to France.

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Major French Explorations and Settlements

• 1562 Jean Ribault explored coastal Florida and
  the St. Johns River and founded a failed Huguenot
  settlement.
• Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal (1605) and
  Québec (1608).
• 1630s Jean Nicolet (Nicollet) explored Lake
  Michigan and surrounding areas.
• 1673 Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explored
  the Mississippi Basin.
• 1679 La Salle explored the upper Mississippi
  River and Lake Michigan areas.
• 1698 Sieur de Bienville founded New Orleans.

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European Colonies in the Americas
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Early English Explorations and Settlements

• 1497 John Cabot explored Newfoundland, Nova
  Scotia, and Labrador English fishing rights
• 1580s Sir Francis Drake harrassed Spanish
  treasure ships and attacked Spanish settlements
  up and down the coast. The Spanish called the
  British sailors pirates and Sea Dogs.
• 1584-87 lost Roanoke settlement in Virginia
• 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 
• 1606 Jamestown settlement in Virginia
• 1609-1611 Henrik Hudson explored Hudson Bay,
  Hudson River, and Hudson Strait.
• 1620 Plymouth colony settlement in New England

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European Colonies in the Americas
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European Conquest of Africa
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African Civilizations Before European Explorations
Timeline of Africa 1-16th c.
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African Slave Trade

• The earliest external African slave trade was
  trans-Saharan.
• Slaves in North Africa were mainly servants
  rather than laborers.
• Colonization of the Americas by the Europeans
  created a huge demand for agricultural labor.
• Slaves purchased in West African regions were
  often the captives of wars between rival African
  states.
• European traders also conducted independent slave
  raids.

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Slave Ship
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How Did Europe Conquer Africa?

• During the Middle Ages, Muslim armies kept Europe
  cut off from the rest of the world.
• Beginning in the 14th century Portuguese ships
  sailed southward along the African coast.
• They traded for gold, and eventually sailed
  around Africa to India
• The gold that the Europeans obtained in Africa
  financed their overseas expansion.

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How Did Europe Conquer Africa?

• The vast gold and silver deposits of the New
  World made African gold less desirable.
• As European powers established plantations,
  enslaved Africans became more desirable than
  gold.
• In exchange, the Africans received firearms.
• Africans used the firearms in their wars with
  each other.

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The World in 1800
Red British Empire Yellow Spanish
Empire Green Qing Dynasty Fuchsia Ottoman
Empire Dark Grey Russian Empire
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How Did Europe Conquer Africa?

• The wealth generated by the buying and selling of
  enslaved Africans went to create the extensive
  technological innovations that led to the
  Industrial Revolution.
• The coastal trade with Africans strengthened
  European commercial capitalism and transformed it
  into all-powerful industrial capitalism. 

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How Did Europe Conquer Africa?

• Europe started to take a more direct hand in
  African affairs.
• While African states were weakened by their
  conflicts, the Europeans grew in strength.
• The same scenario took place in Asia and the
  Americas.
• Soon a full-fledged system of colonialism began
  to overspread the world.
• Thus did Europe not only conquer Africa, but
  America and Asia too....

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1914EuropeanDominationof AFRICAonly
Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent
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