Lexis and Grammar for Translation

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Lexis and Grammar for Translation
Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I

• Dott. M. Gatto
• Lingue e Culture per il Turismo

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From FORM to FUNCTION

• PRESENT SIMPLE
• vs
• PRESENT CONTINUOUS
• PAST SIMPLE
• vs
• PAST CONTINUOUS

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Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
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Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
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Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
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STRUCTURE

• Simple gt INF (s)
• I cry
• Continuous gt BE ING
• I am crying
• Perfect gt HAVE ED
• I have cried
• Perfect continuous gt HAVE BEEN ING
• I have been crying

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Present Perfect

• Past actions that have a connection with the
  present
• I have lost my key
• Jim has gone to Canada
• ________X.
• New information/ recent events
• Ive burnt myself!
• A new book has been published

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• Past actions referring to a period that continues
  up to the time of speaking
• Weve never had a car
• This is the first time I have driven a car
• Its the nicest thing Ive ever seen
• e.g. already, just,ever, never, the first
  (second, third) time, recently, this morning...

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Present Perfect vs Simple Past

• UNFINISHED TIME
• I have smoked 10 cigarettes today
• Have you seen Ann in the past few days?
• Tom has worked in a bank for three years
• (He still works there)

• FINISHED TIME
• I smoked 10 cigarettes yesterday
• Did you see Ann yesterday
• Tom worked in a bank for three years
• (He no longer works there)

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• Tom cerca la chiave. Lha persa.
• Tom is looking for is key. He has lost it.
• Tom ha perso la chiave e la sta cercando.
• Tom has lost his key and is looking for it.
• Ieri Tom ha perso la chiave e la sta ancora
  cercando.
• Yesterday Tom lost his key and is still looking
  for it.

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• Hai visto Tom da qualche parte? Sì, lho appena
  visto uscire dalla biblioteca.
• Hai visto Tom di recente? Sì lho visto ieri sera

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• Qualcuno ha letto lUlisse di Joyce? No non
  abbiamo letto nessuna delle opere di Joyce.
• Has anybody read Joyces Ulysses? No, we havent
  read any of Joyces works
• E la seconda volta che mi rompo una gamba, ma
  non sono mai stato in ospedale.
• Its the second time I have broken a leg.
• Ieri è stato il giorno peggiore della mia vita.
• Yesterday was

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Present Perfect Continuous

• Actons which began in the past and have just
  stopped
• It has been raining (the ground is wet)
• Actons which began in the past and have not been
  finished
• She has been painting the ceiling (She is
  dirty/She has not finished)

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Present perfect continuousvs Present perfect

• FOCUS ON THE ACTION
• Toms hands are dirty. He has been repairing his
  car
• Ann has been writing letters all day

• FOCUS ON THE RESULT
• Toms car is going again. He has repaired it.
• Ann has written ten letters today

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How long?For / SincePresent Perfect/Present
Perfect Continuous

• We use the present perfect/present perfect
  continuous to say how long something has existed
  or has been happening.
• HOW LONG?
• . (2000) ..for 9 years. (2009)
• (since 2000)

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• Tom is waiting for Mary.
• gt He started at 8.30
• gt He started 2 hours ago
• How long has he been waiting?
• gt He has been waiting since 8.30
• gt He has been waiting for 2 hours

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Present perfect vs Present Continuous

• Some verbs are not used in the continuous
• I have known him for three years
• NO!! I have been knowing him for three years
• NO!! I know him from three years

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Present perfect vs Present Continuous

• The present perfect is used for longer periods
• He has lived in Italy since he was born
• MA
• He has been living/has lived in Italy for three
  years
• He has been living in Italy since 2006

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Present perfect vs Present Continuous

• The present perfect is used with negatives
• I havent smoked for 2 years
• NON
• I havent been smoking for 2 years

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Presente (Italian)

• Simple present
• Present Continuous
• Present Perfect Continuous

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Passato Prossimo (Italian)

• Present Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous
• Simple Past

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Attenzione!

• E morto da due anni.
• He has been dying for two years?
• He has been dead for two years?!
• He died two years ago!!!

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Attenzione!

• E tutto il giorno che lavoro.
• I have been working all day
• NON
• Its all day that I work

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• Mary ha lavorato per quindici anni come addetto
  alle vendite presso unagenzia di viaggio, ma non
  le piaceva e alla fine ha rinunciato. Da un paio
  di anni ha aperto una libreria e ora il suo
  lavoro le piace.

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• Molly è di Dublino. E nata lì e ha vissuto lì
  per tutta la vita. Non è mai stata allestero.
• Conosco Molly da quando eravamo bambine, ma non
  la vedo da un paio di anni. Tu lhai vista di
  recente? So che lanno scorso è andata in
  Inghilterra per due mesi.

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• Mio nonno è morto prima che io nascessi. Non lho
  mai conosciuto.
• Mio nonno è morto da trentanni.
• Mio nonno è morto trentanni fa.

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Homework

• Laviosa, Linking Wor(l)ds, UNIT 8
• Thomson-Martinet, A Practical English Grammar,
  UNIT 10 UNIT 17 UNIT 18
• Murphy, English Gramamr in Use, UNITS 1-2-3 11-21