Napoleon and the French Revolution

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Napoleon and the French Revolution
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Napoleon and Revolution
I. Background (1799- 1815) Coup dEtat of 18
Brumaire II. The Paradox of Napoleon Illusion
of Democracy Reality of Empire 1802 Consul
for Life 1804 Emperor III. Napoleon and the
Romantic Swing Beethoven and Eroica Goya, Spanish
Resistance, Nationalism Resurgence of
Nationalism
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Napoleon and Revolution

• IV. Napoleons Achievements
• Stability of Revolution
• Concordat of 1801
• Government Reforms
• Napoleonic Code
• War and Empire Constitutional System,
  Confederation of the Rhine
• V. The Undoing of Napoleon and of the Revolution
• War with Russia (1812) and scorched earth policy
• March 1814 Napoleons abdication and exile to
  Elba
• March 1815 100 Days 18 June 1815 Waterloo
• VI. Lasting Significance of Napoleon
• VII. Congress of Vienna and the Alliance System

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Young Napoleon Bonapart in Italy The Bridge at
Arcole
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Napoleon Timeline
Napoleons Coup DEtat New Constitution
Congress of Vienna
Confederation of the Rhine Continental System
Nap. dies
Emperor Coronation Napoleonic Code
Concordat W/ Pius 7th
Napoleon Abdicates Elba Exile March 1814
Waterloo June 1815
Russia withdraws from Continental System
Consul for Life Peace of Amiens- Peace w/Britain
Nap. Returns From Elba March 1815
Battles Trafalgar Austerlitz
Russian Campaign
2nd Coalition Against France
Congress of Vienna
Naps Retreat
Napoleon Conquers most of Europe
Nap.-makes peace
1805
1799
1802
1804
1810
1812
1815
1801
1806
1814
1821
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Did Napoleon Push Revolution Forward? Or did he
reject it?
Illusion of Democracy New more conservative
constitution in 1799 Freedom of speech
curbed Universal male suffrage But illusory
representative government Reality of
Empire authority from above, confidence from
below 1802 Consul for life 1804 Hereditary
emperor The government of the republic is
entrusted to an emperor
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Birth of an Emperor (2 December 1804)
Emperor of the French (vs. Consul of the
Republic)
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From Consul to Emperor
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Romantic Attitudes to NapoleonBeethovens Swing

• Ludwig Von Beethoven (1770-1827)
• Nature, Emotion, Common Humanity
• Reflects uncertainty of period over impact of
  French Revolution
• Admired Napoleon in his early days

Symphony 3 Originally Bonaparte Symphony
EROICA In Memory of a Hero
Tears up Dedication 1804 Premiered in Vienna
April 7, 1805. 2 Dec. 1805 Battle of Austerlitz
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Romanticizing the Nation

• Idea of the Nation
• Overcoming Tyranny Breaking free from the Past
• Writers like Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron
• Philosophers and Nationalists like Johann Fichte
  (1762-1814) in Germany and Giuseppe Mazzini
  (1805-1872) in Italy
• Historians Philosophers
• G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) and the Struggle of the
  World Spirit
• Composers like
• Chopin, Polonaises (Polish Pieces)
• Franz List, Hungarian Rhapsodies
• Smetana, Ma Vlast (My Country)

Delacroix, Greece Dying on the Ruins of
Missolonghi (1827) Musée des Beaux-Arts,
Bordeaux
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Romantic Attitudes to NapoleonGoyas Outrage
Francisco de Goya, Third of May, 1808
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Two Different Romantic Visions
Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the
Meadows, 1831
Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830
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Napoleons Achievements

• Revolution Stabilized
• Stability within France
• Concordat 1801
• basis of church/state relations till 1900s
• Begins reconciliation with Catholic Church
• Govt retains a say in naming of bishops
• Catholicism recognized as religion of the
  majority
• France on the move across Europe
• Reorganization of Government
• Rationalization and Centralization of State
• Bank of France (1800)
• Education
• Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) (1804)
• a) Rationalization b)Property c) workers
• War and Empire
• Use of his Grande Armée, Confederation of Rhine
• Satellite Kingdoms, Continental System

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Napoleonic Empire 1810
Continental System
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The Impact of the Napoleonic Code
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1812 The Russian Campaign and the Undoing of
Napoleon
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Long-term Significance of Napoleon

• Domestic changes and Imperial Changes
• Consolidation of German States
• Impact of Napoleonic Code
• The Idea of La Nation
• New diplomacy The Alliance System
• Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806) not revived

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Turning back the Revolution The Congress of
Vienna, Restoration, and the Alliance System

• Metternich (17731859) Austrian Foreign Minister
• Agreements Sept. 1814Nov. 1815
• New Territorial Boundaries (non-vindicative)
• Restoration of European Monarchies and Louis
  XVIII
• Louis XVIII (Louis XVIs brother) (1815-1824)
• Legitimacy of Monarchy
• Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in
  1806)
• The German Confederation
• Balance of Powers no one state would be allowed
  to dominate Europe

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• Quadruple Alliance and the Concert of Europe
• Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia
• The Defeat of Liberal Revolution and Liberalism
• Rejection of democracy, republicanism and
  nationalism
• Assertion of a new Conservatism

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A World Restored The 1815 Settlement
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The Legacy of the French Revolution The Battle
of Ideologies

• Ideology importance of ideas in political
  affairs
• Body of ideas reflecting social needs or
  aspirations of an individual, group, class or
  culture
• Spectrum of Ideologies that emerge from French
  Revolution

Right
Left
Conservatism
Liberalism
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Understanding Conservatism and Liberalism
Liberalism
Conservatism
French Revolution Industrial Revolution European
revolutions of 1820s 1830s Defends propertied
interests and constitutions Attacks privilege
Natural rights but Distinctions between
active and passive citizenship Basic belief in
change and progress Individual gt
Institutions Limited role of Government In favor
of industrialization, capitalism, free
markets Advocates middle classes
(bourgeoisie) Fears mass democracy (the
working class)
Congress of Vienna Holy Alliance Defends
landed interests and tradition Stability Needs to
justify need for old order Natural change slow
progression Restoration of old order Institutions
gt Individual Advocates landed classes,
monarchy, established church Fears democracy
and mobs Nationalism Enlightenment Revolution
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Battle of Friedland
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Europe in 1812
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The Retreat from Russia
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Retreat from Moscow
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Return of Napoleon from Elba
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Evening of waterloo
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