The Beginnings of Civilization-One

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The Beginnings of Civilization-One

• Mrs. Cox
• Paisley IB
• World History
• ONE

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Vocabulary

• 1. artifacts
• 2. culture
• 3. hominids
• 4.Mary Leakey
• 5. Donald Johanson
• 6. Louis Leakey
• 7. Paleolithic Era
• 8. nomads
• 9. hunter-gatherers
• 10. animism
• 11. Neolithic Era
• 12. Neolithic Revolution
• 13. domestication
• 14. Pastoralists
• 15. Megaliths
• 16. Bronze Age
• 17. Surplus
• 18. Division of Labor
• 19. Traditional economy

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Questions for Study 1

• 1. Name two famous anthropologists and their
  discoveries.
• 2. How did human ancestors cross from one
  continent to another?
• 3. Give six examples of Stone Age Technology.
• 4. Describe the art work of hunter-gatherers.

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Questions 1

• 5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?
• 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on
  early people?
• 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from
  this time period.
• 8. What was one of the major changes in society
  around 7000 BC?
• 9. Why did trade increase as food increased?
• 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural
  societies.
• Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars
  learned from him?

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Questions 1

• 11. What was the result of irrigation?
• 12. Name the four ways in which early cities
  differed from villages.
• 13. Name two main characteristics of early
  civilizations.
• 14. Name four early civilizations.
• 15. Why did systems of writing develop?
• 16. What factors led to changes in early
  civilizations?

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Studying The Distant Past

• To study prehistory, the time before written
  records, scientists use a wide variety of clues.
  They look to artifacts such as tools, art, tombs,
  and weapons left behind by ancient people. These
  scientists include anthropologists, who study
  human culture, or a societys knowledge, art,
  beliefs, customs, and values.

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Studying The Distant Past

• Anthropologists called archaeologists did into
  settlements to find objects used by early people.
  Workers then use tools to unearth objects people
  have left behind. By analyzing the remains
  archaeologists find, they can draw conclusions
  about long-ago peoples lives and culture.

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Human Origins

• Based on bones and footprints that have been
  found, many experts believe that hominids are
  early ancestors of humans. Anthropologists made
  several significant discoveries in East Africa.
  In 1959, Mary Leakey found hominid bones that
  were more than 1.5 million years old. Donald
  Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine skeleton
  in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.

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Human Origins

• Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and walked
  upright. Recently, a French team in Central
  Africa found 6-7 million-year-old remains with
  features from an Australopithecine and a
  chimpanzee. Louis Leakey found hominid remains he
  called Homo habilis, which he believed was more
  closely related to modern humans than Lucy.

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Human Origins

• A type of hominids called Homo erectus, or
  upright man, appeared 2 to 1.5 million years
  ago. More intelligent than earlier hominids, they
  used more advanced tools like flint hand axes.
  Scientists also think that Homo erectus was the
  first hominid to control fire. Modern humans,
  Homo sapiens, appeared 200,000 years ago in
  Africa.

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Human Origins

• Homo sapiens have larger brains than earlier
  hominids, developed more sophisticated tools and
  shelters, and eventually learned to create fire.
  Homo sapiens were probably also the first
  hominids to develop language.

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Spreading Around The World

• Early human ancestors began to migrate around the
  world from Africa to Asia and beyond. About 1.6
  million years ago, long periods of freezing
  temperatures caused ice sheets to cover the land
  and lower ocean levels. These times were called
  ice ages. They created bridges of land between
  continents, which hominids could cross. In time,
  hominids died out and early humans began to
  migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on all
  continents except Antarctica.

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Spreading Around The World

• Two early groups of Homo sapiens that developed
  as people moved around the world were
  Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Neanderthals lived
  about 35,000 to 150,000 years ago. Cro-Magnons
  appeared about 45,000 years ago. They were
  physically identical to modern humans. They left
  behind fine tools, figurines, and cave art.

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Life In The Stone Age

• Early humans lived during the Stone Age, which is
  divided into three sections based on the kinds of
  tools used at the time. The first part of the
  Stone Age is called the Paleolithic Ear, a time
  in which people used tools made of stone. People
  lived as nomads, moving from place to place
  following migrating animal herds.

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Life In The Stone Age

• As the Stone Age continued, new technology helped
  early humans survive and improve life. People
  made tools from chipped stones, wood, and bone.
  They invented spears for easier hunting. Other
  technological developments included the bow and
  arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, needles for sewing
  clothes from animal skins, and shelters called
  pit-houses.

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Life In The Stone Age

• Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers
  because they hunted animals and gathered the
  fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for food.
  People also made art as well as musical
  instruments. Elaborate images of people and
  animals were painted on rocks and in caves. They
  may have been created to honor the spirits of the
  people and animals, a belief called animism.
  Figures were also carved out of many different
  materials such as animal teeth and bone.

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The New Stone Age

• After the Paleolithic Era came the Neolithic Era,
  or New Stone Age. People learned to make tools
  and weapons with sharper edges, which led to the
  development of chisels, drills, and saws.

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Development of Agriculture

• The lives of early people changed dramatically
  about 10,000 years ago. People began to grow
  crops. By growing their food instead of just
  hunting animals and gathering food, early people
  greatly improved their chances of survival and
  forever changed history. The shift to farming is
  called the Neolithic Revolution.

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Development of Agriculture

• Farming started around the time the last ice age
  ended. Wild grains such as barley and wheat
  appeared due to the warmer weather. People began
  to gather the wild grains for food. This new food
  source caused the populations to grow and need
  even more food. In time, people experimented with
  planting seeds and learned to farm.

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Development of Agriculture

• Then, people began to practice domestication, the
  selective growing or breeding of plants and
  animals to make them more useful to humans.
  Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, pigs, and
  sheep were also domesticated.

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Development of Agriculture

• Farming spread around the world at different
  rates. Some areas had plants and animals that
  were easier to domesticate than those in other
  places. Locations with similar climates
  transitioned to farming at about the same time,
  such as China and Central America.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Agriculture allowed the world population to grow
  by providing a better food supply. It also change
  peoples way of life. Some people became
  pastoralists, ranging over wide areas and keeping
  herds of livestock to use for food and other
  materials. Others began staying in the same place
  and settling into permanent villages.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• By about 7000 BC some settlements grew into
  towns. Now, instead of hunting and gathering
  food, many people worked in the fields and tended
  livestock. Since more food was available, some
  people could spend more time doing activities
  other than food production. For example, some
  people became skilled at making crafts or tools.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• As people produced extra food and products,
  trade increased. Settlements traded with each
  other to obtain materials and products they
  lacked. Societies became more complex and
  prosperous, and differences in social status
  began to emerge. Some people gained more wealth
  and influence than others. Others rose to
  positions of authority such as overseeing the
  planting and harvesting or running building
  projects.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Because men performed the heavier work in
  farming, they often held positions of authority.
  As a result, men began to gain dominance and
  status over women in many agricultural societies.
• Societies began to build structures such as
  megaliths for religious purposes. Megaliths are
  huge stone monuments that some Neolithic people
  in Europe built for burial or spiritual purposes.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Agricultural societies also had some negative
  effects. Warfare increased as societies fought
  over land and resources. Crop failures made life
  difficult for people dependant on farming.
  Disease increased and spread rapidly among groups
  of people.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Technology continued to develop. Animals pulled
  plows to produce larger fields of crops. Pestles
  and grindstones were used to prepare grains.
  Pottery was used for cooking and storing food.
  Wool from goats and sheep was weaved into cloth.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• When people began to use metal the Stone Age gave
  way to the Bronze Age. Bronze is a mixture of
  copper and tin that produces objects that are
  stronger and harder than copper alone.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey is an example
  of a Neolithic village. Some 5,000 to 6,000
  people lived there around 6000 BC. The village
  covered more than 30 acres, making it the largest
  Neolithic site that archaeologists have found.

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Agriculture Changes Society

• Our knowledge of Neolithic societies continues to
  increase due to recent discoveries. In 1991 in
  the Italian Alps a 5,300 year-old frozen hunter
  nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was found by hikers.
  The cold had preserved his clothing and
  belongings, adding to scholars information about
  this time period.

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From Villages to Cities

• Over time, farmers worked to increase the food
  production of their farms. Their most important
  advance was the irrigation system, a network of
  canals or ditches linking crop fields to streams
  or to water storage basins. Irrigation enabled
  people to farm more land in drier conditions,
  producing more food. Some farmers began to
  produce a surplus, or excess, of food. Surplus
  food allowed villages to support larger
  populations.

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From Villages To Cities

• Now that fewer people were needed to produce
  food, some people could devote all of their time
  to specialized jobs like making tools or weapons.
  Others became weavers, potters, or religious
  leaders. Division of labor refers to the economic
  arrangement that allows workers to specialize in
  a particular job or task.

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From Villages to Cities

• Division of labor is different than the system of
  traditional economies that early farming villages
  had used. In a traditional economy, custom,
  tradition, or ritual is the basis of economic
  decisions.
• Having surplus food allowed villages to grow into
  cities because not everyone had to farm. Cities
  differ from early villages in four ways.

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From Villages to Cities

• First, they are larger and more populated.
  Second, city populations usually included many
  unrelated people who came from a wide area.
  Third, most early cities had a defined center
  containing palaces, temples, government
  buildings, marketplaces, and defined boundaries,
  often marked by defensive walls. Fourth, early
  cities served as centers of trade for merchants
  and farmers from the surrounding villages. The
  first known city was Uruk, located between the
  Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq.

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The First Civilizations

• Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out of
  early cities. The first civilizations grew up
  along river valleys that had enough fertile land
  to produce food to support a growing population.
  Civilizations use record keeping and have social
  classes, specialization of labor, government,
  religion, and arts. Major cities in early river
  valley civilizations include Ur and Uruk near the
  Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia,
  Memphis on the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro
  on the Indus River in India, and Anyang near the
  Huang He in China.

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The First Civilizations

• Governments in the first civilizations created
  laws and systems of justice, gathered taxes, and
  organized defense. Religious institutions
  included priests who performed rituals, such as
  sacrificing animals, to try to gain the gods
  favor. Priests often became powerful and closely
  connected with governments.

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The First Civilizations

• As cities grew, the division of labor increased,
  and many new jobs developed. Skilled craft
  workers, or artisans, created useful everyday
  objects such as baskets and pottery.
• Over time, clear social classes emerged. Rulers
  and priests had the highest positions, followed
  by merchants, artisans, farmers and unskilled
  workers. Slaves often formed the bottom of the
  social order.

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The First Civilizations

• Systems of writing developed about 5,000 years
  ago in order to keep records such as tax records.
  Calendars developed to help farmers keep track of
  the changing seasons. Most public buildings in
  large cities featured elaborate statues of gods
  and rulers. Art and architecture reflected the
  wealth and power of the city and its leaders.

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Changes in Civilizations

• Civilizations constantly changed once they were
  established. Something as simple as the weather
  could help a city growor destroy it with
  drought. People still had to deal with disease
  and warfare. Early civilizations met challenges
  with new technologies and knowledge from other
  societies. Trade, migration, and invasion led to
  cultural diffusion. For example, artisans adopted
  styles from other civilizations and traders
  learned multiple languages.

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Changes in Civilization

• Civilizations went to war to control rich
  farmland, important sea ports, or regions with
  valuable resources. Through conquest,
  civilizations expanded their control over land
  and people. Conflicts also arose between
  civilizations and nomadic groups, who sometimes
  launched raids on villages and cities. Further
  conflicts also arose as nomads and farmers
  competed over land.