Pulmonary System

1
Pulmonary System

• Chapter 7
• Pathology

2
Functions of the Respiratory System

• Breathing process
• Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• Enable speech production

3
Internal Respiration

• All cells require oxygen for metabolism
• All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide
• Gas exchange at cellular level

4
External Respiration

• Ventilation
• exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
• Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
• Breathing largely involuntary activity

5
Structures of Respiratory System

• upper respiratory tract
• nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
  trachea
• lower respiratory tract
• bronchial tree and lungs

6
Nose

• nasal cavity
• nasal septum
• mucous membrane
• mucus
• cilia
• olfactory receptors

7
Pharynx

• Nasopharynx
• adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
• oropharynx
• palatine tonsils
• laryngopharynx
• larynx

8
Epiglottis

• oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common
  passageway for both food and air
• epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the
  larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not
  enter the lungs.

9
Larynx

• voice box
• larynx/o
• glottis (vocal apparatus)
• vocal bands or vocal cords

10
Trachea

• Windpipe or airway
• mucous membrane lining with cilia
• smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings
• divides into two branches bronchi
• no gaseous exchange

11
Bronchi

• Bronchus, singular
• c-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle
• each bronchi divides into bronchioles
• terminate in air sacs called alveoli

12
Thoracic Cavity

• thoracic
• thorax
• mediastinum
• heart
• aorta
• esophagus
• bronchi
• thymus

13
Alveoli

• air sacs
• alveolar wall membranes one cell thick and
  surrounded by capillaries
• gaseous exchange takes place here

14
Lungs
Right-3 lobes
Left-2 lobes
trachea
15
Pleura

• each lung enclosed in pleura
• parietal pleura (inner)
• visceral pleura (outer)
• pleural space or pleural cavity
• lubricating fluid

16
Diaphragm

• muscle separating chest and abdomen
• inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases
  thoracic space
• air flows in
• expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases
  thoracic space
• air flows out
• phrenic nerve

17
Respiration

• external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs
• internal respiration - exchange of gases within
  cells of the body organs and tissues
• ventilation - movement of air

18
PathologyBreathing Disorders

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD (COLD)
• Dyspnea
• Bradypnea
• Tachypnea

19
COPD

• Asthma
• bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
• mucolytics, bronchodilators
• Chronic Bronchitis
• mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
• expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
• Emphysema
• barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

20
Influenza

• Acute infectious respiratory disease
• Viral
• Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia
• Avoid aspirin in children

21
Pleural Effusions

• Excess fluid in pleural cavity
• associated with congestive heart failure,
  ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma
• diagnosis
• auscultation, percussion
• Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax,
  pyopneumothorax
• thoracentesis

22
Tuberculosis

• Infectious, highly communicable disease
• aerosol transmission
• primary tuberculosis, tubercles
• immunocompromised
• effects other organ systems
• drug resistant strains

23
Bronchopneumonia

• Inflammatory disease of lungs
• lobar, bilateral
• hemoptyisis
• consolidation
• Pneumocystis carinii
• lavage

24
Cystic Fibrosis

• Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
• systemic involvement
• lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
• Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
• Gas exchange impaired

25
Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• Surfactant
• decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
• needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand
  (compliance)
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline
  membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome

26
Oncology

• Primary Pulmonary Cancer
• Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG
  CANCERS
• common site epithelium of bronchi
• bronchogenic carcinoma
• masses form and block air passages
• metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver,
  bones, brain, or kidney

27
Endotracheal Intubation

• passage of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, and
  larynx into the trachea to establish an airway.

28
Respiratory System

• End Chapter Eight