Presentation Plus!

1
Chapter 21 The Rise of Islam
2
CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Islam SECTION 2 The Arab
Empire SECTION 3 Arab Contributions
3
Terms to Learn
People to Know

• pillars of faith

• Muhammad

• mosque
• imam
• hajj
• alchemists

• al-Idrisi
• al-Razi
• Omar Khayyám
• Ibn Khaldun

Places to Locate

• Makkah

• Madina (Yathrib)
• Damascus
• Baghdad

4
Islam

• Islam is an Arabic word that means the act of
  submitting, or giving oneself over, to the will
  of God.

• An Arab merchant named Muhammad, who came to be
  known as the prophet of Allah, founded the
  Islamic faith.
• Islam shook the foundations of Byzantium and
  Persia, the two most powerful civilizations of
  the time.

5
Makkah (Mecca)

• By the middle of the 500s, the three major towns
  of Yathrib, Ta if, and Makkah had developed in
  the Hejaz.

• Arab pilgrims, or travelers to a religious
  shrine, came there to worship in Arabias holiest
  shrine, the Kabah.

6
Muhammad

• In 570, Muhammad was born to a widow of a
  respectable clan in Makkah.

• The drinking, gambling, and corruption in Makkah
  troubled Muhammad, so he spent much time alone in
  a cave outside the city, thinking and fasting.
• Muhammad concluded that there was only one God,
  Allah, the same god as the God of the Jews and
  the Christians.
• The rich leaders of Makkah began to feel
  threatened and, as a result, started persecuting
  Muhammad and his followers.

7
Muhammad (cont.)

• Muhammad and several hundred of his followers
  fled from Makkah to Yathrib (later Madina) in
  622.

• In Madina, Muhammad gave the people a government
  that united them and made them proud of their new
  faith.
• But, the people of Makkah invaded Madina several
  times.

8
Muhammad (cont.)

• In 628, Muhammad signed a peace treaty with the
  people of Makkah, which they violated in 630,
  leading Muhammad and his companions to
  triumphantly enter their home city, Makkah, for a
  peaceful conquest.

• In 632 Muhammad died.

9
The Quran

• The Quran is written in Arabic and describes the
  pillars of faith, or the five duties all Muslims
  must fulfill.

• The first duty is the confession of faith.
• The second duty deals with prayer some of which
  are recited at a mosque and led by a prayer
  leader called an imam.
• The third duty has to do with the giving of
  zakah, or charity.
• The fourth duty deals with fasting.
• The fifth duty involves a pilgrimage to Makkah,
  called the hajj.

10
The Arab Empire

• When Muhammad died in 632, a group of Muslims
  chose a new leader whom they called khalifa, or
  caliph, which means successor.

11
The Rightly Guided Caliphs

• The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammads
  father-in-law and close friend.

• As the next caliphs ruled from Madina and kept in
  close touch with the people, they were called the
  Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs honored Muhammads
  wish to carry Islam to other peoples and sent
  warriors into Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia,
  Egypt, and North Africa.

12
The Rightly Guided Caliphs (cont.)

• Throughout all these places, the Arabs were
  victorious because Islam united them in striving
  for a common goal, which they considered holy.

• The Arab way of treating the people they
  conquered also contributed to their success.

13
The Umayyads

• Ali, Muhammads son-in-law and the last of the
  Rightly Guided Caliphs, was killed in 661.

• The new caliph moved the capital from Madina to
  Damascus and founded the Umayyad Dynasty.
• The Umayyads ruled more like kings than religious
  leaders.
• However, the Umayyads had social and economic
  troubles that, in the end, led to their downfall.

14
The Umayyads (cont.)

• The Muslims themselves divided into two groups,
  the Shiah and the Sunni.

• After a while, war broke out between the Umayyads
  and a group of Muslims called Abbasids.
• In 750, the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and
  became the new rulers of the Arab Empire.

15
The Abbasids

• The Abbasids ruled the Arab Empire from 750 to
  1258 their first 100 years was known as the
  Golden Age of Islam.

• Under the Abbasids, all that remained of Arab
  influence was the Arabic language and the Islamic
  religion.
• The Abbasids created the government post of
  vizier, or chief adviser between the throne and
  the people.
• The Abbasids made Baghdad one of the major
  trading centers of the world.

16
The Abbasids (cont.)

• Life in the empire changed as advanced farming
  methods were employed.

• The empire soon became too large for one caliph,
  and it began to break up into independent
  kingdoms.
• In 836, the caliph moved to a new capital city
  called Samarra.
• In 945, the Persians took control of Baghdad.

17
The Golden Age of Muslim Spain

• The Muslim Arabs who conquered North Africa
  intermarried with the Berbers and became known as
  Moors.

• In 710, they invaded Spain, defeated the West
  Goths, who had taken the country from the Romans,
  and set up a kingdom that allowed religious
  freedom.
• For the next 400 years, a rich culture flourished
  in Spain.
• During this time, Jews traveled to and traded in
  every part of the Arab Empire and beyond.

18
Islamic Life

• Islam was born in a society where men could have
  unlimited numbers of wives and the killing of
  female children was common.

• Islam attempted to correct this situation.
• Both men and women were obligated to seek
  knowledge.
• Reciting and memorizing the Quran was an
  important requirement in education.
• The mosques served as neighborhood schools.

19
Arab Contributions

• Between the 770s and the 1300s, Arab scholars
  helped preserve much of the learning of the
  ancient world and made many other contributions
  to the modern world.

• Many Arab scientists, known as alchemists, tried
  to turn base metals, such as tin, iron, and lead,
  into gold and silver.
• Arab astronomers studied the heavens, named
  stars, described solar eclipses, and proved the
  moons effects on tides and the oceans.

20
Arab Contributions (cont.)

• The astronomer-geographer al-ldrisi drew the
  first accurate map of the world.

• Arab mathematicians invented algebra and borrowed
  the numerals 0-9 from Gupta mathematicians.
• The Arabs gave much to the field of medicine,
  setting up the worlds first school of pharmacy,
  opening the worlds first drugstores, and
  organizing medical clinics.
• The Persian doctor al-Razi discovered differences
  between measles and smallpox.

21
Arab Contributions (cont.)

• The Arabs also made many contributions to the
  arts.

• The Persian poet Omar Khayyáms Rubáiyát is
  considered one of the finest poems ever written.
• Islamic art is distinct and full of color.
• Much of what is known about this time comes from
  Arabs, such as Ibn Khaldun, who wrote down the
  history of Islam.