Title: PLANT DIVISIONS
1PLANT DIVISIONS
2Invasion of land
- Stomata
- Cuticle
- Lignin bonds to cell wall cellulose to add
strength and waterproofing - Vascular tissue xylem and phloem
- Roots absorb nutrients and water vs. rhizoids of
moss and holdfasts of algae that dont. - Seeds dormancy
- Fruit spreading seeds
- Flowers cross pollination
3Cuticle
- A waxy cuticle covers parts exposed to air to
prevent dessication. Openings in the cuticle
(stomata) allow for gas exchange and are
controlled by the guard cells.
Guard cells
4Vascular tissue
- Most division (all except bryophytes) have
vascular tissue of xylem (water and minerals) and
phloem (nutrients). - Picture shows vascular tissue in a leaf in a
bundle known as a vein. These are the lines you
can see in the leaf.
5Carbon dioxide
- Plants lowered the levels of carbon dioxide from
25X current levels to current levels over a
period of 100 million years as they adapted to
and spread on land.
6Cuticle, Dermal tissue, ground tissue, and
vascular tissue
7Flagellated sperm vs. pollen
- The more primitive plants have flagellated sperm
that allow them to swim to the egg. This means
that the mosses, ferns, and other primitive
plants require water to have fertilization.
Fern sperm
Types of pollen
8Plant Divisions
- Divisions is used instead of phyla
9Evolution of plants from green algae
- A certain group of green algae known as the
charophytes have the following in common with
plants. - Chloroplasts of both have thylakoids stacked as
grana and chlorophyll b and carotene to act as
accessory pigments for chlorophyll a. - The of cellulose in both is around 25
- Similar mitosis and cytokinesis mechanisms
- Similar sperm structure for sperm
- DNA evidence backs this up.
- Body of some charophytes is haploid, but
fertilized egg is retained in the organism and
grows and then does meiosis clue to how
alternation of generations started.
10Plants
- NOTE We use the term Divisions instead of the
term Phyla when referring to plants. - Characteristics of plant kingdom members
- Alternation of generations with the diploid
sporophyte generation dominant except in
bryophytes
11Plant Divisions Bryophyta
- MOSSES
- Dominant gametophtye generation (green)
- Also includes liverworts and hornworts
- Need sperm to fertilize egg
- NO vascular tissue limits height of the plant and
therefore have no true roots, stems, or leaves. - haploid spores are made by meiosis in the
sporangium of the sporophyte.
Moss sporophyte
12Other Bryophytes
Hornwort
Liverworts
13- Homospory one type of spore
- Heterospory female and male spore.
14Gametophytes
- Antheridium Archegonium
- Male gametophyte Female gametophyte
- Makes sperm makes egg
15Pterophyta Ferns
- Homosporous create one spore that is bisexual.
- Vascular tissue but no seeds allows them to get
taller, but limits them to shady moist areas for
reproduction. - Fronds big leaf like arrangement
- Fiddlehead emerging sporophyte
- Sporangium make spores on underside of fronds
when reproducing.
16Ferns
- Fiddlehead
- Sporangia on underside of frond
- Fronds
- Bisexual gametophyte
17Gymnosperms (naked seeds) have no flowers
gingko, cycad, and conifers
18Coniferophyta
- Redwoods, firs, pines, yews, cypresses
- Naked seeds not enclosed in fruits
- Wind pollination (NEEDS A LOT)
- Seeds, vascular tissue
- No flowers
- Often needles thick with cuticle and small in
size to limit transpiration.
19Seed cones vs. pollen cones
Seed cones
seeds
Pollen cones
20Oldest and largest
- Redwoods (400 feet tall) bristlecone pine
(4600 years old)
21Anthophyta
- Flowering plants
- Flower will develop into fruit that is used for
seed dispersal via wind, water, or animal. - Pollination can be by wind, bird, bat, insect.
- Most advanced (recent)
- Gametophyte is reduced and within the flower.
- Most diverse grasses to trees
22Monocot (one cotyledon) vs. Dicot (two
cotyledons) the subdivisions of
anthophyta/angiosperms
23Monocots
- Often grasses and the relatives of grasses
24Dicots
25Vascular bundles locationMonocot
scatteredDicot ring around the outside
262 veination in the leaves
- Parallel veins Netlike veins
- Monocot Dicot
273 number of seed parts
284Flower parts
- Monocot Dicot
- Petals in multiples of 3 Petals 4 or 5
29Review Questions
- Which is haploid, spore or gamete?
- Which is made by mitosis, spore or gamete?
- Where is the vascular tissue of a monocot?
- Are ferns homosporous or heterosporous?
- Do bryophytes have roots?
- Do ferns have pollen?
- Do gymnosperms have seeds?
- Where are fern sporangia found?
30Flower structure reproduction organ of some
plants
31Parts functions
- Female (carpel/pistil)
- Stigma is sticky top that collects pollen
- Style is connection between stigma and ovary.
- Ovary is where eggs are made in the ovules
- Male (stamen)
- Anther makes the pollen
- Filament holds anther away from female part to
allow for wind/insect to carry pollen away - Petals (collectively called corona) attracts
pollinators - Sepals (collectively called calyx) protects the
bud before blooming
32Monoecious (one house) plant has both male and
female on one plant
- Name the parts
- Dioecious Two houses/ male and female plant
- Complete one flower had both female and male
while incomplete has only one
33Prefixes for plants
- Mega and Arche are female
- Micro and Anther are male
- Microgametophyte pollen (becomes sperm)
- Megagametophyte makes eggs
- Atheridium anthers make male gametes
- Archegonium place where eggs are made
34Double Fertilization
- Generative nucleus becomes two sperm through
mitosis. First sperm fertilizes egg in the ovule
and second sperm fertilizes polar nuclei to
become triploid endosperm. Endosperm will become
food for seed.
35Seed and Fruit
- Seed, Develops from the ovules within the
ovaries Covering (seed coat), food (endosperm),
embryo - Allows for dormancy until conditions are right
- Germination triggers massive cell division and
cellular respiration - Fruit The ripened ovary becomes the fruit after
fertilization leading to making of the seeds
seed dispersal is the goal - Vegetable part of a plant you eat not a
biological term
36Fruit Seed dispersal
37(No Transcript)
38Review
- The helicopters of a maple tree are what part of
the plant? - What is made by the archegonium?
- What part of the flower catches the pollen?
- What is one gymnosperm other than coniferophyta?
- What part of a flower becomes the fruit?
- What part of the flower becomes the seed?
- What are the two products of double
fertilization?
39More review
- How do pine trees get pollen to the female?
- How do apple trees get pollen to the female?
- What division of plants includes the tallest
trees? - What is the food of a seed called?
- What is the purpose of the endosperm?
- What group of green algae are the closest
relatives to plants? - What does the cuticle prevent?
- What division of plant has no flowers, but does
have seeds? - What is true of plants that are heterosporous?